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L’Era Meiji

Il Periodo Meiji (明治時代 Meiji jidai, “periodo del regno illuminato”) è uno dei momenti storici più famosi del Giappone. Si espande dal 23 ottobre 1868 sino al 30 luglio 1912 e comprende i 44 anni di regno dell’Imperatore Matsuhito.

photo credit: Wikipedia

A seguito della caduta dello shōgunato di Tokugawa Yoshinobu, cominciò l’era dell’imperatore Meiji, il primo dotato di potere politico. E’ proprio durante questi anni che si incominciò a modificare la struttura politica, sociale ed economica del Giappone basandosi sul modello occidentale.

A seguito della morte di Tokugawa Ieyasu nel 1866, fu nominato suo successore Tokugawa Yoshinobu, che rimase al potere pochi mesi, fino al novembre 1867, lo shōgun presentò le dimissioni e cedette i suoi poteri alla corte. Nel gennaio 1868, le truppe di Tokugawa furono sostituite a Kyoto attraverso un colpo di stato. Ed è proprio in questo periodo che comincia la Restaurazione Meiji che restituì il potere all’imperatore dopo secoli di dominio degli shōgun.

photo credit: Wikipedia

La prima azione esercitata dal nuovo governo Meiji fu quella di dare qualche privilegio in più alla classe dei samurai, rimasta insoddisfatta dal regime precedente. In seguito ai numerosi contrasti nel 1869 i daimyō furono nominato governatori dei loro feudi. Tuttavia questi ultimi vennero soppressi nel 1871, permettendo la centralizzazione “formale” del potere e il rinforzo dell’istituzione imperiale. Non tutti approvarono la rinuncia del proprio feudo, ma per mantenere ordine e stabilità, il governo persuase i daimyō con promesse di forti ricompense.
Assieme a questo compromesso, il governo si accordò anche con la classe samurai, approvando una legge che consentiva loro di svolgere qualsiasi occupazione nel campo degli affari e nella pubblica amministrazione (le più gettonate erano l’organo istituzionale di polizia e l’esercito imperiale). A seguito di ciò, il mantenimento della classe dei samurai venne assunto dal governo centrale, elargendo anche remunerazioni nei loro confronti.

In questo nuovo stato, l’immagine dell’imperatore diveniva sempre più significativa e nel giugno 1869, con il “giuramente della Carta” a favore dell’imperatore Meiji, nacque la prima costituzione. Qui venivano enunciati i pieni poteri del governo centrale, anche se le decisioni politiche del paese erano affidate ancora ad un governo oligarchico.
Fino al 1881, il regime governò in modo autoritario con nessuna opposizione da parte della classe dominante, ma è in questo anno che scoppiò una grande crisi. Qui, con una richiesta all’imperatore, si invocò il desiderio di trasformare il governo in forma parlamentare.

photo credit: Wikipedia

Nonostante le difficoltà, il periodo Meiji rimane ancora una delle ere più importanti e con più cambiamenti della storia Giapponese. E’ proprio qui che si gettarono le basi per l’odierno governo del paese del Sol Levante.

Il tempio Meiji

Situato nel cuore di Tokyo e circondato da una foresta naturale e urbana, il Meiji-Jingu è una perla del culto shintō e uno dei santuari più simbolici di della città.

 

Situato nel parco di Yoyogi, a Shibuya, la struttura fu completata nel 1920, in onore dell’imperatore Meiji (1852 – 1912) e della sua sposa Shôen (1849 – 1914), fu vittima dei bombardamenti durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale, ma ricostruito completamente poco dopo. Questa è una grande dimostrazione di riconoscenza giapponese verso questo imperatore, e l’esempio più lampante è proprio l’enorme parco che circonda questo luogo di culto, con più di centomila alberi inviato dagli abitanti di tutto l’arcipelago in onore della memoria di questo imperatore.

Per accedere al santuario, tuttora in attività, bisogna attraversare il grande bosco circostante e passare sotto il magnifico Torii in cipresso. Prima di poter entrare nei cortili e negli edifici sacri, bisogna rispettare alcune regole di etichetta, come ad esempio la purificazione del corpo con l’acqua e il saluto al Torii.

 

E’ incredibile come dopo aver passato la grande porta Torii, il rumoroso viavai di Tokyo sparisce e viene sostituito dai suoni tranquilli della foresta e dalle folte chiome arboree. Qui i visitatori del tempio possono prendere parte alle tipiche attività shintoise, come fare offerte nell’area principale, comprare porta fortuna e amuleti, o scrivere un vostro desiderio sulle famose tavolette ema. Non è raro infatti trovare persone di tutte le età che acquistano queste tavolette in legno e che esprimono il proprio desiderio scrivendolo proprio su questi supporti. Una volta espresso il vostro desiderio o augurio, gli ema vengono appesi su un supporto centrale nel tempio e successivamente recuperati dai preti che invieranno poi i messaggi ai Kami (dei).

Il Meiji Jingu è uno dei templi più popolari del Giappone e proprio in questo periodo dell’anno, subito dopo l’Omisoka, accoglie regolarmente più di tre milioni di visitatori per l’Hatsumode, le prime preghiere dell’anno.
Nella parte più a nord delle terre legate al tempio, i visitatori possono trovare la casa dei tesori del Meiji Jingu, costruita un anno dopo che il tempio fu aperto. In questo luogo sono racchiusi molti oggetti personali legati all’Imperatore e all’imperatrice, inclusa la carrozza che ha accompagnato l’imperatore alla dichiarazione formale della costituzione Meiji nel 1889.

 

Una grande area della parte sud delle terre del tempio è occupata dai Giardini Interni, i quali richiedono un piccolo costo di entrata. Tuttavia questi giardini sono particolarmente popolari verso la metà di giugno per ammirare i fiori d’Iris in tutto il loro splendore, assieme alle famosissime gru giapponesi. E se avrete abbastanza pazienza, potrete avere l’occasione di vedere un piccolo stormo di questi fantastici volatili attraversare il grande lago, uno spettacolo unico e magico.

 

Inoltre, passeggiando lungo le vie interne del tempio e del parco, è possibile imbattersi in quello che io chiamo “muro del sake”, un muro composto da gigantesche botti di sake, un dono per l’imperatore da parte di tutte le sakagura del Giappone. Opposto a questo muro invece, è possibile trovare un muro di botti di vino, un dono per l’imperatore da parte di tutte le nazioni estere.

Inoltre, in preparazione del 100° anniversario nel 2020, lavori di ristrutturazione sono in atto per alcuni degli edifici del tempio, previsti fino all’ottobre 2019, quindi se pianificate di visitare Tokyo nel 2020 non potete assolutamente perdervi questa meta, fra una gara olimpica e l’altra![:en]

The Meiji Era

The Meiji Period (明治 時代 Meiji jidai, “period of the illuminated kingdom”) is one of Japan’s most famous historical moments. It expands from October 23, 1868 until July 30, 1912 and includes the 44-year reign of Emperor Matsuhito.

photo credit: Wikipedia

Following the fall of the Tokugawa Yoshinobu shōgunate, the era of Emperor Meiji, the first with political power, began. It is precisely during these years that the political, social and economic structure of Japan began to change based on the Western model.

Following the death of Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1866, Tokugawa Yoshinobu was named as his successor, remaining in power a few months, until November 1867, when the shōgun submitted his resignation and ceded his powers to the court. In January 1868, Tokugawa’s troops were replaced in Kyoto by a coup. And it is precisely in this period that the Meiji Restoration begins, restoring power to the emperor after centuries of shogun’s rule.

photo credit: Wikipedia

The first action exercised by the new Meiji government was to give some more privileges to the samurai class, which remained dissatisfied with the previous regime. Following the numerous contrasts in 1869 the daimyō were appointed governors of their feuds. However, the latter were suppressed in 1871, allowing the “formal” centralization of power and the reinforcement of the imperial institution. Not everyone agreed to the renunciation of their feuds, but to maintain order and stability, the government persuaded the daimyō with promises of strong rewards.
Along with this compromise, the government also compromised with the samurai class, approving a law that allowed them to carry out any occupation in the business field and public administration (the most popular were the institutional police body and the imperial army) . As a result of this, the maintenance of the samurai class was taken over by the central government, also by giving the remuneration.

In this new state, the image of the emperor became more and more significant and in June 1869, with the “oath of the Charter” in favor of the emperor Meiji, the first constitution was born. Here the full powers of the central government were enunciated, even if the political decisions of the country were still entrusted to an oligarchic government.
Until 1881, the regime governed in an authoritarian way with no opposition from the ruling class, but it is in this year that a great crisis broke out. Here, with a request to the emperor, he invoked the desire to transform the government into a parliamentary form.

photo credit: Wikipedia

Despite the difficulties, the Meiji period remains one of the most important eras and one with more changes in Japanese history. It is here that the foundations were laid for today’s government of the Land of the Rising Sun.

The Meiji temple

Located in the heart of Tokyo and surrounded by a natural and urban forest, the Meiji-Jingu is a pearl of Shintōism and one of the city’s most symbolic sanctuaries.

 

Located in the Yoyogi park, in Shibuya, the structure was completed in 1920, in honor of Emperor Meiji (1852 – 1912) and his wife Shôen (1849 – 1914). The shrine was also the victim of the bombings during the Second World War, but rebuilt completely soon after. This is a great demonstration of Japanese gratitude to this emperor, and the most striking example is the huge park that surrounds this place of worship, with more than one hundred thousand trees sent by the inhabitants of the archipelago in honor of the memory of this emperor.

To access the sanctuary, still in activity, you have to cross the large surrounding forest and pass under the magnificent Torii in cypress. Before you can enter the courtyards and sacred buildings, you must respect some rules of etiquette, such as the purification of the body with water and the greeting to the Torii.

 

It’s amazing how after passing the big Torii gate, Tokyo’s noisy comings and goings are replaced by the quiet sounds of the forest and the thick foliage of trees. Here temple visitors can take part in typical shinto activities, such as offerings in the main area, buying goodies and amulets, or writing your own wishes on the famous ema tablets. It is not rare, in fact, to find people of all ages who buy these wooden tablets and express their desire by writing on these supports. Once you have expressed your wish, you can hang the ema on a central support in the temple and subsequently they will be recovered by the priests who will then send messages to the Kami (gods).

The Meiji Jingu is one of the most popular temples in Japan and at this time of year, just after the Omisoka, it regularly welcomes more than three million visitors for the Hatsumode, the first prayers of the year.
In the northernmost part of the temple-related lands, visitors can find the treasure house of the Meiji Jingu, built a year after the temple was opened. In this place are contained many personal objects related to the Emperor and the Empress, including the carriage that accompanied the emperor to the formal declaration of the Meiji constitution in 1889.

 

A large area of the southern part of the temple lands is occupied by the Interior Gardens, which require a small entry fee. These gardens are particularly popular in mid-June to admire the blooming of the Iris flowers in all their glory, together with the famous Japanese gruidae birds. And if you have enough patience, you might have the opportunity to see a small flock of these fantastic birds cross the lake, a unique and magical spectacle.

 

Also, walking along the inner streets of the temple and the park, you can come across what I call “wall of sake”, a wall of gigantic sake barrels, a gift for the emperor by all the sakagura of Japan . Opposite this wall, on the other hand, it is possible to find a wall of wine barrels, a gift to the emperor from all the foreign nations.

Also, in preparation for the 100th anniversary in 2020, renovations are taking place for some of the temple buildings, scheduled until October 2019, so if you plan to visit Tokyo in 2020 you can not miss this goal, between an Olympic race and the other![:ja]

The Meiji Era

The Meiji Period (明治 時代 Meiji jidai, “period of the illuminated kingdom”) is one of Japan’s most famous historical moments. It expands from October 23, 1868 until July 30, 1912 and includes the 44-year reign of Emperor Matsuhito.

photo credit: Wikipedia

Following the fall of the Tokugawa Yoshinobu shōgunate, the era of Emperor Meiji, the first with political power, began. It is precisely during these years that the political, social and economic structure of Japan began to change based on the Western model.

Following the death of Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1866, Tokugawa Yoshinobu was named as his successor, remaining in power a few months, until November 1867, when the shōgun submitted his resignation and ceded his powers to the court. In January 1868, Tokugawa’s troops were replaced in Kyoto by a coup. And it is precisely in this period that the Meiji Restoration begins, restoring power to the emperor after centuries of shogun’s rule.

photo credit: Wikipedia

The first action exercised by the new Meiji government was to give some more privileges to the samurai class, which remained dissatisfied with the previous regime. Following the numerous contrasts in 1869 the daimyō were appointed governors of their feuds. However, the latter were suppressed in 1871, allowing the “formal” centralization of power and the reinforcement of the imperial institution. Not everyone agreed to the renunciation of their feuds, but to maintain order and stability, the government persuaded the daimyō with promises of strong rewards.
Along with this compromise, the government also compromised with the samurai class, approving a law that allowed them to carry out any occupation in the business field and public administration (the most popular were the institutional police body and the imperial army) . As a result of this, the maintenance of the samurai class was taken over by the central government, also by giving the remuneration.

In this new state, the image of the emperor became more and more significant and in June 1869, with the “oath of the Charter” in favor of the emperor Meiji, the first constitution was born. Here the full powers of the central government were enunciated, even if the political decisions of the country were still entrusted to an oligarchic government.
Until 1881, the regime governed in an authoritarian way with no opposition from the ruling class, but it is in this year that a great crisis broke out. Here, with a request to the emperor, he invoked the desire to transform the government into a parliamentary form.

photo credit: Wikipedia

Despite the difficulties, the Meiji period remains one of the most important eras and one with more changes in Japanese history. It is here that the foundations were laid for today’s government of the Land of the Rising Sun.

The Meiji temple

Located in the heart of Tokyo and surrounded by a natural and urban forest, the Meiji-Jingu is a pearl of Shintōism and one of the city’s most symbolic sanctuaries.

 

Located in the Yoyogi park, in Shibuya, the structure was completed in 1920, in honor of Emperor Meiji (1852 – 1912) and his wife Shôen (1849 – 1914). The shrine was also the victim of the bombings during the Second World War, but rebuilt completely soon after. This is a great demonstration of Japanese gratitude to this emperor, and the most striking example is the huge park that surrounds this place of worship, with more than one hundred thousand trees sent by the inhabitants of the archipelago in honor of the memory of this emperor.

To access the sanctuary, still in activity, you have to cross the large surrounding forest and pass under the magnificent Torii in cypress. Before you can enter the courtyards and sacred buildings, you must respect some rules of etiquette, such as the purification of the body with water and the greeting to the Torii.

 

It’s amazing how after passing the big Torii gate, Tokyo’s noisy comings and goings are replaced by the quiet sounds of the forest and the thick foliage of trees. Here temple visitors can take part in typical shinto activities, such as offerings in the main area, buying goodies and amulets, or writing your own wishes on the famous ema tablets. It is not rare, in fact, to find people of all ages who buy these wooden tablets and express their desire by writing on these supports. Once you have expressed your wish, you can hang the ema on a central support in the temple and subsequently they will be recovered by the priests who will then send messages to the Kami (gods).

The Meiji Jingu is one of the most popular temples in Japan and at this time of year, just after the Omisoka, it regularly welcomes more than three million visitors for the Hatsumode, the first prayers of the year.
In the northernmost part of the temple-related lands, visitors can find the treasure house of the Meiji Jingu, built a year after the temple was opened. In this place are contained many personal objects related to the Emperor and the Empress, including the carriage that accompanied the emperor to the formal declaration of the Meiji constitution in 1889.

 

A large area of the southern part of the temple lands is occupied by the Interior Gardens, which require a small entry fee. These gardens are particularly popular in mid-June to admire the blooming of the Iris flowers in all their glory, together with the famous Japanese gruidae birds. And if you have enough patience, you might have the opportunity to see a small flock of these fantastic birds cross the lake, a unique and magical spectacle.

 

Also, walking along the inner streets of the temple and the park, you can come across what I call “wall of sake”, a wall of gigantic sake barrels, a gift for the emperor by all the sakagura of Japan . Opposite this wall, on the other hand, it is possible to find a wall of wine barrels, a gift to the emperor from all the foreign nations.

Also, in preparation for the 100th anniversary in 2020, renovations are taking place for some of the temple buildings, scheduled until October 2019, so if you plan to visit Tokyo in 2020 you can not miss this goal, between an Olympic race and the other![:]