Japan History: Oda Nobunaga
[:it]
Oda Nobunaga
A copy of Oda Nobunaga portrait from the Italian painter Giovanni Nicolao, commissioned probably by Oda Nobunaga himself.
Oda Nobunaga è figlio di Oda Nobuhide che era un daymio (feudatario) della provincia di Owari. Alla morte di suo padre nel 1551, cominciò ad impazzire totalmente allontanandosi dagli alleati del clan Oda, favorendo il fratello Nobuyuki.
Anche se era l’erede di Nobuhide, non era sicuro che potesse succedergli. Il clan Oda era subordinato al kanrei Shiba Yoshimune, a cui faceva capo lo zio di Nobunaga, Nobutomo. Addirittura Nobutomo fece uccidere Yoshimune nel momento in cui cercò di aiutare Nobunaga. Nonostante ciò, egli riuscì ad ottenere l’aiuto da parte di un altro zio, Nobumitsu fino a conquistare il castello di Kiyosu. Qui Nobutomo fu ucciso e qui Nobunaga abitò per i successivi 10 anni.
Oda Nobunaga inoltre, grazie all’alleanza con il clan Imagawa ed il clan Kira, riuscì a mobilitare le proprie armate nella provincia di Mino (1555). Tutto questo per aiutare Saitō Dōsan, campagna che comunque si rivelò fallimentare perché Dōsan fu sconfitto nel 1556 e Yoshihatsu prese il suo posto.
Qualche mese dopo, Nobuyuki, Shibata Katsuie e Hayashi Hidesada, sfidarono Nobunaga per il controllo del clan Oda, perdendo. Furono comunque perdonati grazie alla madre di Nobunaga che intercedette in loro difesa. Nonostante ciò, Nobunaga continuò ad essere sospettoso nei confronti di Nobuyuki, tanto da fingersi malato per invitarlo al suo castello di Kyiosu ed assassinarlo nel 1557.
Dal 1559
Nel 1559 Nobunaga aveva sconfitto ogni tipo di opposizione interna al clan divenendo signore di Owari.
Per un po’ ha continuato a stipulare alleanze con altri damiyō grazie al kanrei Shiba Yoshikane. Tuttavia quando li scoprì essere in trattative con i Kira e gli Imagawa nel tentativo di attaccare il clan Oda, entrò in guerra.
Nel 1560 Nobunaga si trovò ad affrontare il grande esercito di Imagawa Yoshimoto. Questa armata era formata da un numero di uomini che oscillava tra i 20.000 ed i 40.000 uomini. Nonostante lui stesse marciando verso Kyōto, con il suo piccolo esercito di 2000 uomini, giocò d’astuzia. Nella famosa battaglia di Okehazawa, approfittò di un violento ed improvviso temporale per attaccare il campo degli Imagawa ed uccidere Yoshimoto, sconvolgendo tutto il paese per la fulminea vittoria. Da quel momento, il nome di Oda Nobunaga divenne famoso in tutto il Giappone ed il clan Matsudaira firmò con lui un’alleanza.
Saitō Yoshitatsu della provincia di Mino, morì nel 1561 e gli succedette il figlio Tatsuoki. Tuttavia egli era troppo giovane ed inesperto per ottenere la fiducia dei suoi vassalli. Nobunaga ovviamente sfruttò la situazione e si trasferì nel suo castello di Komaki per attaccare Mino. Successivamente convinse i vassalli a lasciare il loro incompetente ed inesperto signore. Nobunaga riuscì nel 1567 ad impadronirsi del castello di Inabayama e ad esiliare Tatsuoki. Nobunaga si trasferì nel suo nuovo castello, rinominandolo Gifu. La parola Gifu proveniva dal monte Gi, dalla quale partì la conquista della Cina da parte della dinastia Zhou e da Tenka Fubu. Con questo si fece anche forgiare un sigillo, che significa “una sola insegna militare sotto il cielo”. Tutto ciò era un modo per dire che avrebbe voluto tutto il Giappone sotto una sola spada e ricoprire di gloria militare il Giappone.
Dal 1564
Nel 1564, Nobunaga diede sua sorella Oichi in moglie ad Azai Nagasama, garantendosi il supporto del clan Azai. Nel 1568 Ashikaga Yoshiaki, fratello di Yoshiteru, si recò a Gifu per chiedere l’aiuto militare di Nobunaga per spodestare lo shōgun Yoshihide. Nobunaga accettò per ottenere uno shōgun a legittimare le proprie campagne militari e al contempo avere il controllo della capitale Kyōto. Nobunaga riuscì a conquistare tutti i castelli di Rokkaku. Yoshiaki divenne shōgun e offrì a Nobunaga il posto di kanrei, ma questi rifiutò.
Non appena Yoshiaki si accorse di essere manipolato da Nobunaga, cominciò a tramare contro di lui cercando alleati disposti a combatterlo. Grazie all’alleanza con il clan degli Asakura, Yoshiaki entrò in conflitto con gli Oda e riuscì anche ad affliggere loro gravi perdite. Nella battaglia di Anegawa, Nobunaga sconfisse gli eserciti degli Azai e degli Asakura.
Dal 1571
Nel 1571 attaccò il monastero buddhista della scuola Tendai Enryaku-ji. A questo punto attaccò la fortezza di Nagashima uccidendo migliaia di persone.
Takeda Shingen del clan Takeda, nonostante fosse in buoni rapporto con il clan Oda, aveva aderito all’alleanza contro Nobunaga. Nel 1572 marciò verso la capitale, ma morì nel 1573 prima di raggiungerla così Nobunaga sconfisse Yoshiaki e lo esiliò ponendo fine allo shogunato Ashikaga.
Nello stesso anno i clan Azai e Asakura furono definitivamente sconfitti, e suo cognato Azai Nagamasa, dopo avergli rimandato sua sorella Oichi, compì seppuku. L’erede di Shingen, Takeda Katsuyori, fu sconfitto nel 1575 nella battaglia di Nagashino. Qui la fazione Oda-Tokugawa usò per la prima volta gli archibugi comprati dai portoghesi. L’armata di Takeda fu falciata ancor prima di arrivare allo scontro corpo a corpo.
Il Castello Azuchi
Continuando la sua espansione, Nobunaga cominciò a dislocare i suoi generali a controllo delle singole province. Shibata Katsuie e Maeda Toshiie furono inviati a Nord, e Akechi Mitsuhide nella provincia di Tamba. Hashiba Hideyoshi fu invece mandato a Ovest nel 1577 contro il clan Mori. Quest’ultimo sosteneva con approvvigionamenti via mare la fortezza Ikkō di Ishiyama Hongan-ji. Qui l’esercito di Nobunaga gestiva l’assedio da terra da diverso tempo.
Nel 1578, fu completato il nuovo castello di Nobunaga, noto come castello di Azuchi. Impressionante per le sue decorazioni stravaganti, da questo castello prende nome il periodo compreso tra la caduta dello shogunato Ashikaga e la morte di Nobunaga. Questo è oggi noto come periodo Azuchi.
Oda Nobunaga & Uesugi Kenshin
Nel 1577, però, Uesugi Kenshin, il secondo miglior generale del suo tempo dopo Takeda Shingen, aveva deciso di prendere parte ad una seconda alleanza anti-Nobunaga. Il primo scontro avvenne nella battaglia di Tedorigawa, risultando in una decisiva vittoria di Kenshin. Successivamente Uesugi cominciò a preparare la sua marcia su Kyōto. Secondo una tradizione, Nobunaga avrebbe confessato ad un suo ufficiale che se Kenshin fosse arrivato a Kyōto con il suo esercito egli non avrebbe avuto altra scelta che arrendersi e sperare di essere risparmiato. Uesugi Kenshin, però, morì, forse d’infarto, o forse di cancro allo stomaco, mentre si trovava nel suo lavatoio. Secondo fonti dell’epoca la sua salute appariva compromessa già da tempo.
Ormai senza validi rivali, Nobunaga costrinse gli ultimi ribelli Ikkō ad arrendersi nella fortezza di Ishiyama Hongan-ji nel 1580. In questo modo annientò completamente il clan Takeda nel 1582, durante la battaglia di Temmokuzan.
Nobunaga era ormai l’autorità indiscussa nel Paese, e si accingeva a muovere i suoi eserciti contro le province di Echigo e Shikoku.
Il Giappone nel 1582. Le aree viola indicano i territori controllati da Oda nel 1560, e le aree grigie indicano i territori controllati da Oda fino alla sua morte, nel 1582.
Dal 1582
Nel 1582, Hashiba Hideyoshi, uno dei generali più vicini a Nobunaga, invase la provincia di Bitchu, assediando il castello di Takamatsu. Quest’ultimo era vitale per il clan Mori, perché occupava una posizione strategica dalla quale era possibile penetrare con facilità nel loro dominio. Mori Terumoto arrivò con il suo esercito a sostegno del castello di Takamatsu. Le due parti si trovarono in uno stallo. A questo punto Hideyoshi chiese rinforzi a Nobunaga.
È stato osservato che Hideyoshi non aveva realmente bisogno di rinforzi. Tuttavia egli chiese comunque l’aiuto del suo signore. Secondo alcuni lo fece per non assumersi direttamente il merito della vittoria, poiché molti generali non vedevano di buon occhio il successo di un generale di umili origini e non appartenente a un clan samurai. Secondo altri Hideyoshi intendeva mettere Nobunaga in una posizione critica in modo da poterne trarre un vantaggio personale.
In ogni caso, Nobunaga lasciò i preparativi per l’invasione di Shikoku a Niwa Nagahide e partì con Akechi Mitsuhide per raggiungere Hideyoshi. Lungo il tragitto, Nobunaga e i suoi uomini sostarono nel tempio Honnō-ji a Kyōto. Qui Nobunaga, essendo al centro del suo dominio e ritenendosi al sicuro, si lasciò scortare solo da pochi servitori e guardie di fiducia. Inaspettatamente, Akechi Mitsuhide dispose i suoi uomini intorno al tempio in un tentativo di colpo di Stato. Nella schermaglia che seguì, Nobunaga perse e si ritirò all’interno del tempio. Mitsuhide, applicando la tecnica che Nobunaga aveva tante volte usato, appiccò fuoco al tempio.
Oda Nobunaga e la leggenda della sua morte
Non si sa cosa accadde a Nobunaga nelle sue ultime ore di vita. Probabilmente lui e il suo attendente Mori Ranmaru compirono seppuku mentre il tempio bruciava. I suoi resti non furono mai ritrovati tra le macerie del tempio, dando adito a una vasta gamma di leggende popolari.
Immediatamente dopo il colpo di Stato, gli uomini di Mitsuhide attaccarono il castello Nijō, dove costrinsero l’erede di Nobunaga, Nobutada, a compiere seppuku a sua volta.
Per undici giorni Mitsuhide incontrò vari esponenti del clan Oda e della corte imperiale per essere nominato successore di Nobunaga invano. Hideyoshi, appena ricevuta la notizia, siglò una tregua con il clan Mori. Successivamente raggiunse e uccise Mitsuhide nella battaglia di Yamazaki dopo soli 11 giorni dalla morte di Nobunaga.
Oda Nobunaga, il capo del clan
Nobunaga non accettò mai nessuno dei titoli che gli furono offerti. Rimase sempre solo il capo del clan Oda e il daimyō di Owari. Ciò nonostante, la sua autorità gli permise di introdurre importanti cambiamenti nel Paese
Una delle novità più importanti del periodo Azuchi-Momoyama fu la razionalizzazione delle famiglie samurai. Nel periodo Muromachi infatti le numerose guerre combattute avevano spinto i clan ad accettare nei loro eserciti chiunque fosse abile nel combattimento. Durante l’epoca Sengoku praticamente ogni giapponese maschio adulto apparteneva ad almeno una organizzazione militare.
Dal 1576 Nobunaga cominciò a confiscare le armi ai contadini nei territori da lui controllati. In questo modo ridusse così il rischio di rivolte e il numero di combattenti da lui non direttamente controllabili. Il suo successore Toyotomi Hideyoshi, nonostante fosse originario da una famiglia di contadini, completò l’opera. Egli distinse per legge la casta samurai. L’accesso a questa casta poteva così avvenire solo per via ereditaria vietando a tutti i non-samurai il porto d’armi. Le famiglie samurai che si erano opposte a Nobunaga prima, e a Hideyoshi e Ieyasu poi, furono dichiarate illegittime. I loro componenti divennero rōnin oppure civili.
Il piano militare di Oda Nobunaga
Sul piano militare, Nobunaga portò il suo esercito al livello tecnologico di quelli europei. Impiegò per primo su larga scala lance, armi da fuoco, navi corazzate, e fortificazioni all’altezza delle guerre di massa del periodo. Alcune fonti, inoltre, gli attribuiscono l’ideazione della formazione a più linee da parte delle truppe dotate di archibugi. In questo modo era capace di garantire un fuoco continuo e quindi un maggiore impatto sul nemico. Tale tattica, utilizzata per la prima volta nel 1575 durante la Battaglia di Nagashino, sarebbe infatti comparsa in Europa solo nel 1590. Nobunaga fece per primo un uso massiccio di armi europee per la sua campagna militare. Lui apportò un cambiamento radicale alle ormai antiquate tattiche belliche impiegate dagli eserciti giapponesi.
Le sue guerre sono però ricordate soprattutto per la loro violenza e per la spietatezza. A questo si unisce la pratica di bruciare vivi i nemici, che Nobunaga usava come monito per i suoi oppositori.
Nobunaga puntò sulla specializzazione e sulla professionalizzazione del suo esercito. Assegnò gli incarichi e le promozioni su base strettamente meritocratica, ignorando quasi completamente le regole di nobiltà e relazioni familiari. L’ascesa di Hideyoshi, che da figlio di contadini riuscì a essere riconosciuto erede di Nobunaga, ne è l’esempio lampante.
Ai daimyō sconfitti espropriò le terre ridistribuite poi tra i propri vassalli non in base alla dimensione, ma alla produzione di riso. Con qualche modifica, il sistema organizzativo di Nobunaga venne esteso a tutto il Paese con l’inizio dello shogunato Tokugawa.
Il piano economico di Oda Nobunaga
Sul piano economico, Oda Nobunaga dimostrò grande competenza, sviluppando i castelli come perno dell’economia locale. In questo modo favorì la migrazione da un’economia agricola a una di tipo manifatturiero. Costruì strade tra i castelli, per agevolare i traffici commerciali e lo spostamento degli eserciti. Uniformò le unità di misura. Potenziò i traffici internazionali, oltre che con Cina e Corea anche con i nanban (“barbari meridionali”, termine che copre Filippine, Siam e Indonesia, ma anche l’Europa). Istituì inoltre le rakuichi rakuza, per favorire l’apertura di unioni, associazioni e gilde, proibendo i monopoli che Nobunaga considerava un ostacolo al commercio. Sviluppò anche leggi che prevedevano casi di esenzione fiscale e regolamentò la contrazione di debiti.
Oda Nobunaga e le opere
Grazie alla ricchezza accumulata nel tempo, Oda Nobunaga finanziò varie forme d’arte, e fece costruire meravigliosi giardini e castelli. Il suo castello di Azuchi sulle sponde del lago Biwa è descritto dai contemporanei come uno dei più belli della storia. Coperto d’oro e statue all’esterno e decorato all’interno con paraventi, porte scorrevoli, dipinti sui muri e sui soffitti, soprattutto ad opera di Kanō Eitoku. In questo periodo, il maestro di cerimonie di Nobunaga, Sen no Rikyu codificò le regole del cha no yu, la cerimonia del tè. Nobunaga rese questa cerimonia molto popolare e la usò per discutere di politica e affari. Sotto il suo governo comparvero anche i primi esempi di kabuki, che si sviluppò organicamente nel più pacifico periodo Edo.
Oda Nobunaga e la cultura europea
Nobunaga si dimostrò molto interessato alla cultura europea, tanto che collezionò opere d’arte, armi e armature occidentali. È considerato uno tra i primi giapponesi ad aver indossato abiti europei, Nonostante non fosse religioso sostenne i missionari gesuiti in Giappone come mossa politica contro i monaci buddisti. Sotto il suo governo, il 15 agosto 1576, fu costruita la prima chiesa cristiana in Giappone.
Secondo delle fonti Oda Nobunaga e l’intero clan Oda erano discendenti di entrambi i clan Fujiwara e Taira. La sua discendenza può essere direttamente ricondotta al suo bis-bis-nonno Oda Hisanaga, seguito da Oda Toshisada, Oda Nobusada, Oda Nobuhide, e Nobunaga stesso.
Oda Nobunaga oggi
Nobunaga compare frequentemente nella narrativa e continua a essere descritto in molti anime, manga, videogiochi e film. Generalmente viene descritto come di natura malvagia o anche demoniaca, sebbene alcune opere lo ritraggano in una luce più positiva. Quest’ultimo tipo di opere include il film di Akira Kurosawa Kagemusha – L’ombra del guerriero. Qui il personaggio di Nobunaga è energico, atletico e rispettoso dei suoi nemici. In Goemon viene descritto come un maestro di Ishikawa Goemon. Nobunaga è anche un protagonista del racconto storico Taiko Ki di Eiji Yoshikawa. Qui è un lord fermo ma benevolente. Viene descritto in maniera eroica anche in alcuni videogiochi come Kessen III, Ninja Gaiden 2 e la serie Warriors Orochi. In Hunter × Hunter uno dei membri della Brigata Fantasma è un samurai, che porta il nome di Nobunaga Hazama.
Oda Nobunaga nelle serie TV e videogiochi
In contrasto nella serie di romanzi e anime Yōtōden è descritto letteralmente come un demone e un signore della guerra affamato di conquista. Nel romanzo The Samurai’s Tale di Erik Christian Haugaard, è un antagonista “noto per la sua crudeltà spietata”. È descritto come malvagio o megalomaniaco in alcune serie manga e anime inclusi Samurai Deeper Kyo e Flame of Recca.
Nobunaga è descritto come malvagio, assetato di sangue, e/o demonico in molti videogiochi come Ninja Master’s, Sengoku, Inindo: Way of the Ninja ed Atlantica Online, e nelle serie di videogiochi Onimusha, Samurai Warriors, Sengoku Basara (e il suo adattamento come anime) e in Soulcalibur. Viene anche citato in Detective Conan in un caso di Osaka (episodio 283-285 dell’anime).
Ci sono anche numerosi esempi di sue descrizioni in un contesto più neutrale o storico. Queste si trovano specialmente nei taiga drama (serie storiche romanzate) sulla televisione giapponese. Oda Nobunaga compare anche nella serie manga Tail of the Moon, Kacchu no Senshi Gamu e nel romanzo storico di Tsuji Kunio The Signore: Shogun of the Warring States. Rappresentazioni storiche nei videogiochi (principalmente in giochi strategici occidentali) includono Shogun: Total War, Total War: Shogun 2, Throne of Darkness, “DomiNations”, Ninja Commando e la serie Nobunaga’s Ambition, così come Civilization V e Age of Empires II: The Conquerors e Sengoku Basara.
Oda Nobunaga è stato tra l’altro interpretato dal cantante attore Giapponese GACKT nel live action Sengoku Basara -Moonlight Party a- tratto dal videogame Sengoku Basara, andato in onda nel 2012.
Lo stesso GACKT ha fornito la sigla finale del live action Sengoku Basara -Moonlight Party- con la canzone HAKURO, nel cui video ci sono immagini sue vestito da Oda Nobunaga, ecco una preview del MV:
[:en]
Oda Nobunaga
A copy of Oda Nobunaga’s portrait by the Italia painter Giovanni Nicolao, probably commissioned by Nobunaga himself.
Oda Nobunaga is the son of Oda Nobuhide one of the daymio from the Owari province. When his father died in 1551, he started to go completely crazy taking the distance from the Oda clan allies, preferring his brother Nobuyuki.
Even if he was Nobuhide’s heir, he wasn’t sure to be able to succede him. The Oda clan was subject to Kanrei Shiba Yoshimune, head of this clan was Nobunaga’s uncle, Nobutomo. Even Nobutomo had Yoshimune killed when he tried to help Nobunaga. Despite that, he managed to get help from another uncle, Nobumitsu up till he conquered the castle of Kiyosu. Here Nobutomo was killed and Nobunaga lived here for the next 10 years.
Oda Nobunaga also, thanks to the alliance with the Imagawa clan and the Kira clan, was able to move his army in the Mino province (1555). All this to help Saitō Dōsan. However, ths campaign proved to be a failure because Dōsan was defeated in 1556 and Yoshihatsu took his place.
A few months later, Nobuyuki, Shibata and Hayashi Katsuie Hidesada, challenged Nobunaga to control the Oda clan, but lost. However, they were forgiven thanks to Nobunaga’s mother who interceded on their behalf. Nevertheless, Nobunaga continued to be suspicious of Nobuyuki, much to pretend to be sick to invite him to his castle in Kyiosu and assassinate him in 1557.
From 1559
In 1559 Nobunaga had defeated all kinds of internal opposition to the clan becoming Lord of Owari.
For a while he has continued to enter into alliances with other damiyō thanks to Kanrei Shiba Yoshikane. However when he found them to be in talks with Kira and Imagawa in an attempt to attack the Oda clan, he went to war.
In 1560 Nobunaga faced the great army of Imagawa Yoshimoto. This army was formed by a number of men who oscillated between 20,000 and 40,000 men. Although he was marching towards Kyoto, with his small army of 2000 men, he played it smart. In the famous battle of Okehazawa, he took advantage of a violent and sudden storm to attack the camp of Imagawa and kill Yoshimoto, surprising the whole country for the lightning victory. Since that time, the name of Oda Nobunaga was famous throughout Japan and the Matsudaira clan signed an alliance with him.
Saitō Yoshitatsu of the Mino province, died in 1561 and was succeeded by his son Tatsuoki. However, he was too young and inexperienced to win the confidence of his vassals. Nobunaga obviously took advantage of the situation and moved his castle in Komaki to attack Mino. Then he convinced the vassals to leave their incompetent and inexperienced Lord. In 1567, Oda Nobunaga was able to take possession of the castle and to exile Inabayama Tatsuoki. Nobunaga moved into his new castle, renaming it Gifu. The word Gifu came from Mount Gi, from which the conquest of China set off by the Zhou Dynasty and Tenka Fubu. With this he also forged a seal, which means “one military sign under the sky”, this was a way of saying that he would like all of Japan under one sword and fill Japan with military glory.
From 1564
In 1564, Nobunaga gave his sister Oichi in marriage to Azai Nagasama, securing the support of the Azai clan. In 1568, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, brother of Yoshiteru, went to Gifu to ask for Nobunaga’s military aid to oust the shogun Yoshihide. Nobunaga agreed to get one shogun to legitimize their military campaigns and at the same time being in control of the capital Kyoto. Nobunaga conquered all the castles of Rokkaku. Yoshiaki became shogun and offered Kanrei’s place to Nobunaga, but he refused.
As soon as Yoshiaki realized he was manipulated by Nobunaga, he began to plot against him seeking allies willing to fight. Thanks to the alliance with the Asakura clan, Yoshiaki entered a conflict with the Oda clan and even managed to afflict them heavy losses. In the battle of Anegawa, Nobunaga defeated the armies of the Azai and Asakura clans.
From 1571
In 1571 he attacked the Buddhist monastery of the Tendai Enryaku-ji school. At this point he attacked the Nagashima fortress, killing thousands of people.
Despite being in a good relationship with the Oda clan, the Takeda Shingen Takeda clan joined the alliance against Nobunaga. In 1572 he marched to the capital, but died in 1573 before reaching it so Nobunaga defeated Yoshiaki and exiled him ending the Ashikaga shogunate.
In the same year the Azai and Asakura clans were finally defeated, and his brother-Azai Nagamasa, after giving back his sister Oichi, performed seppuku. The heir of Shingen Takeda Katsuyori, was defeated in 1575 in the Battle of Nagashino. Here the Oda-Tokugawa faction used for the first time the muskets purchased from the Portuguese. The army of Takeda was mowed before reaching the melee clash.
Azuchi Castle
Continuing his expansion, Oda Nobunaga began to dislocate his generals in control of individual provinces. Shibata Katsuie and Maeda Toshiie were sent to the north and Akechi Mitsuhide to the Tamba province. Hashiba Hideyoshi was instead sent to the West in 1577 against the Mori clan. The latter was sustaining with supplies by sea the Ikko fortress of Ishiyama Honganji. Here Nobunaga’s army ran the siege for some time from the ground.
In 1578, the new Nobunaga’s castle was completed, known as the castle of Azuchi. Impressive for its extravagant decorations, the period between the fall of the Ashikaga shogunate and the death of Nobunaga was named from this castle. This is now known as Azuchi period.
Oda Nobunaga & Uesugi Kenshin
In 1577, however, Uesugi Kenshin, the second best general of his time after Takeda Shingen, decided to take part in a second anti-Nobunaga alliance. The first encounter took place at the Battle of Tedorigawa, resulting in a decisive victory for Kenshin. Uesugi then began to prepare his march on Kyoto. According to one tradition, Nobunaga allegedly confessed to one of his officers that if Kenshin had come to Kyoto with his army, he would have no choice but to surrender and hope to be spared. Uesugi Kenshin, however, died, possibly of a heart attack, or perhaps stomach cancer, while he was in his wash house. According to sources of the time, his health seemed compromised since some time.
Without no good rivals, Nobunaga forced the last Ikko rebels to surrender in the fortress of Ishiyama Honganji in 1580. This completely destroyed the Takeda clan in 1582, during the Battle of Temmokuzan.
Nobunaga was now the undisputed authority in the country, and was preparing to move his armies against the provinces of Echigo, and Shikoku.
Japan in 1582. The purple areas indicate the territories controlled by Oda Nobunaga in 1560, and the gray areas indicate the territories controlled by Oda Nobunaga until his death, in 1582.
From 1582
In 1582, Hashiba Hideyoshi, one of the generals closest to Nobunaga, invaded the province of Bitchu, besieging the castle Takamatsu. The latter was vital to the Mori clan, because it occupied a strategic position from which it was easy to penetrate into their domain. Mori Terumoto arrived with his army in support of Takamatsu Castle. The two sides found themselves in a stalemate. At this point, Hideyoshi asked reinforcements to Nobunaga.
It was noted that Hideyoshi didn’t really need reinforcements. However, he still asked the help of his Lord. According to some, he did it not to directly take credit for the victory, because many generals do not take kindly to the success of a general of humble origin and not part of a samurai clan. According to others, Hideyoshi intended to put Nobunaga in a critical position so to be able to take a personal advantage.
In any case, Nobunaga left the preparations for the invasion of Shikoku to Niwa Nagahide and went with Akechi Mitsuhide to reach Hideyoshi. Along the way, Nobunaga and his men paused in Honnō-ji temple in Kyoto. Here Nobunaga, being at the center of his rule and considering himself safe, was guarded only from a few trusted servants and guards. Unexpectedly, Mitsuhide Akechi ordered his men around the temple in an attempted coup. In the skirmish that followed, Nobunaga lost and retreated inside the temple and Mitsuhide, applying the technique that Nobunaga had so often used, set fire to the temple.
Oda Nobunaga and the legend of his death
It is not known what happened to Nobunaga in his last hours of life. Probably he and his attendant Mori Ranmaru accomplished seppuku while the temple was burning. His remains were never found in the rubble of the temple, giving rise to a wide range of popular legends.
Immediately after the coup, Mitsuhide’s men attacked the Nijo Castle, where they forced Nobunaga’s heir, Nobutada, to perform seppuku in return.
For eleven days Mitsuhide met various members of the Oda clan and the imperial court to be appointed successor of Nobunaga invain. Upon receiving the news, Hideyoshi signed a truce with the Mori clan. Then he reached out and killed Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki after only 11 days from Nobunaga’s death
Oda Nobunaga, the head of the clan
Nobunaga never accepted any of the titles that were offered. He remained only the head of the clan Oda and the daimyo of Owari. Nevertheless, his authority allowed him to introduce major changes in the country.
One of the most important news of the Azuchi-Momoyama period was the creation of samurai families. In the Muromachi period in fact the many wars had led the clans to accept in their armies anyone skilled in combat. During the Sengoku era basically every male Japanese adult belonged to at least one military organisation.
From 1576 Nobunaga began to confiscate weapons to peasants in the territories he controlled. In this way he reduced the risk of riots and the number of fighters from him not directly controllable. His successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi, despite being originally from a family of farmers, completed the work. He recognized by law the samurai caste. Access to this caste could thus take place only by inheritance by banning all non-samurai to carry firearms. Samurai families who had opposed Nobunaga first, and then Hideyoshi and Ieyasu, were declared illegitimate. Their components became rōnin or civilians.
Oda Nobunaga’s military plan
On the military level, Nobunaga led his army to the technological level of the European ones. He took the first large-scale spears, firearms, armored ships, and fortifications worth of the period of mass wars. Some sources also attribute to him the creation of the multi-line formation of the troops equipped with muskets. In this way he was able to ensure continuous focus and therefore a greater impact on the enemy. This tactic, used for the first time in 1575 during the Battle of Nagashino, would in fact appeared in Europe only in 1590. Nobunaga made the first extensive use of European weapons for its military campaign. He brought a radical change to the antiquated military tactics employed by Japanese armies.
His wars, however, are remembered primarily for their violence and ruthlessness. To this we can add the practice of burning enemies alive, that Nobunaga used as a warning to his opponents.
Oda Nobunaga focused on the specialization and professionalization of his army. He gave assignments and promotions based strictly on merit, almost completely ignoring the rules of nobility and family relationships. The rise of Hideyoshi is a prime example of this.
The defeated daimyō expropriated lands then redistributed them among his vassals not based on size, but on the production of rice. With some modifications, Oda Nobunaga’s organizational system was extended to the entire country with the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Oda Nobunaga’s economic plan
Economically, Oda Nobunaga showed great competence, building castles as focal pin for the economy. In this way he favored the migration from an agricultural economy to a manufacturing type. He built roads between the castles, to facilitate commercial traffic and the movement of armies. He conformed the units. He enhanced the international traffic, with China and Korea also with Nanban (“southern barbarians”, a term that covers the Philippines, Siam, and Indonesia, but also Europe). Moreover, he established the Rakuichi Rakuza, to encourage the opening of unions, associations and guilds, prohibiting monopolies that Nobunaga considered an impediment to trade and he also developed laws requiring cases of tax exemption and regulated the contraction of debts.
Oda Nobunaga and the art
Thanks to the wealth accumulated over time, Oda Nobunaga financed various forms of art, and built beautiful gardens and castles. His castle of Azuchi on the shores of Lake Biwa is described by contemporaries as one of the best in history. Covered with gold and statues on the outside and decorated inside with screens, sliding doors, paintings on the walls and ceilings, especially by Kano Eitoku. In this period, Oda Nobunaga’s master of ceremonies, Sen no Rikyu codified the rules of cha no yu, the tea ceremony. Nobunaga made this ceremony very popular and used it to discuss politics and business. Under his rule the first examples of kabuki also appeared, developing more organically in the more peaceful Edo period.
Oda Nobunaga and European Culture
Nobunaga was very interested in European culture, so much so that he collected works of art, arms and armor from the west of the world. It is considered one of the first Japanese to be wearing European clothes. Although not religious, he supported the Jesuit missionaries in Japan as a political move against Buddhist monks. Under his rule, on August 15 1576, it was built the first Christian church in Japan.
According to the sources Oda Nobunaga and the entire Oda clan were descendants of both Fujiwara and Taira clans. His ancestry can be directly traced back to his great-great-grandfather Oda Hisanaga, followed by Oda Toshisada, Nobusada Oda, Oda Nobuhide, and Nobunaga himself.
Oda Nobunaga today
Nobunaga appears frequently in the narrative and continues to be described in many anime, manga, video games and movies. It is generally described as evil nature or even demonic, although some of the works depict him in a more positive light. This type of work includes the films of Akira Kurosawa Kagemusha – The Shadow Warrior. Here the character of Nobunaga is energetic, athletic and respectful of his enemies. In Goemon he is described as a master of Ishikawa Goemon. Nobunaga is also a protagonist of the historical story Taiko Ki Eiji Yoshikawa, here is a firm but benevolent lord. It is described in a heroic manner even in some video games as Kessen III, Ninja Gaiden 2 and the Warriors Orochi series. In one of the Hunter × Hunter Ghost Brigade members is a samurai named Nobunaga Hazama.
Oda Nobunaga nelle serie TV e videogiochi
In contrast in the series of novels and anime Yōtōden, he is described literally as a demon and a lord of warhungry for conquest. In the novel The Samurai’s Tale by Erik Christian Haugaard, he is an antagonist “known for his merciless cruelty.” It is described as evil or megalomaniac in some manga and anime series including Samurai Deeper Kyo and Flame of Recca.
Nobunaga is described as evil, bloodthirsty, and / or demonic in many video games such as Ninja Master’s, Sengoku, Inindo: Way of the Ninja and Atlantica Online, and the game series of Onimusha, Samurai Warriors, Sengoku Basara (and its adaptation as anime) and Soulcalibur. It is also mentioned in Detective Conan in an Osaka case (283-285 episode of the anime).
There are also numerous examples of his descriptions in a more neutral or historical context. These are found especially in the taiga drama (fictional series) on Japanese television. Oda Nobunaga also appears in the manga series Tail of the Moon, Kacchu no Senshi Gamu and in the historical novel by Tsuji Kunio The Lord Shogun of the Warring States. Historical representations in video games (mostly in Western strategic games) include Shogun: Total War, Total War: Shogun 2, Throne of Darkness, “dominations”, Ninja Commando and the series Nobunaga’s Ambition, like Civilization V and Age of Empires II: The Conquerors and Sengoku Basara.
Oda Nobunaga was also played by the Japanese singer and actor GACKT in live action Sengoku Basara -Moonlight Party- taken from the video game Sengoku Basara, which aired in 2012.
GACKT himself created the ending theme of the live action Sengoku Basara -Moonlight Party- with the song Hakuro, in which there are video images of him as Oda Nobunaga, here’s a preview of the MV:
[:ja]
Oda Nobunaga
A copy of Oda Nobunaga’s portrait by the Italia painter Giovanni Nicolao, probably commissioned by Nobunaga himself.
Oda Nobunaga is the son of Oda Nobuhide one of the daymio from the Owari province. When his father died in 1551, he started to go completely crazy taking the distance from the Oda clan allies, preferring his brother Nobuyuki.
Even if he was Nobuhide’s heir, he wasn’t sure to be able to succede him. The Oda clan was subject to Kanrei Shiba Yoshimune, head of this clan was Nobunaga’s uncle, Nobutomo. Even Nobutomo had Yoshimune killed when he tried to help Nobunaga. Despite that, he managed to get help from another uncle, Nobumitsu up till he conquered the castle of Kiyosu. Here Nobutomo was killed and Nobunaga lived here for the next 10 years.
Oda Nobunaga also, thanks to the alliance with the Imagawa clan and the Kira clan, was able to move his army in the Mino province (1555). All this to help Saitō Dōsan. However, ths campaign proved to be a failure because Dōsan was defeated in 1556 and Yoshihatsu took his place.
A few months later, Nobuyuki, Shibata and Hayashi Katsuie Hidesada, challenged Nobunaga to control the Oda clan, but lost. However, they were forgiven thanks to Nobunaga’s mother who interceded on their behalf. Nevertheless, Nobunaga continued to be suspicious of Nobuyuki, much to pretend to be sick to invite him to his castle in Kyiosu and assassinate him in 1557.
From 1559
In 1559 Nobunaga had defeated all kinds of internal opposition to the clan becoming Lord of Owari.
For a while he has continued to enter into alliances with other damiyō thanks to Kanrei Shiba Yoshikane. However when he found them to be in talks with Kira and Imagawa in an attempt to attack the Oda clan, he went to war.
In 1560 Nobunaga faced the great army of Imagawa Yoshimoto. This army was formed by a number of men who oscillated between 20,000 and 40,000 men. Although he was marching towards Kyoto, with his small army of 2000 men, he played it smart. In the famous battle of Okehazawa, he took advantage of a violent and sudden storm to attack the camp of Imagawa and kill Yoshimoto, surprising the whole country for the lightning victory. Since that time, the name of Oda Nobunaga was famous throughout Japan and the Matsudaira clan signed an alliance with him.
Saitō Yoshitatsu of the Mino province, died in 1561 and was succeeded by his son Tatsuoki. However, he was too young and inexperienced to win the confidence of his vassals. Nobunaga obviously took advantage of the situation and moved his castle in Komaki to attack Mino. Then he convinced the vassals to leave their incompetent and inexperienced Lord. In 1567, Oda Nobunaga was able to take possession of the castle and to exile Inabayama Tatsuoki. Nobunaga moved into his new castle, renaming it Gifu. The word Gifu came from Mount Gi, from which the conquest of China set off by the Zhou Dynasty and Tenka Fubu. With this he also forged a seal, which means “one military sign under the sky”, this was a way of saying that he would like all of Japan under one sword and fill Japan with military glory.
From 1564
In 1564, Nobunaga gave his sister Oichi in marriage to Azai Nagasama, securing the support of the Azai clan. In 1568, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, brother of Yoshiteru, went to Gifu to ask for Nobunaga’s military aid to oust the shogun Yoshihide. Nobunaga agreed to get one shogun to legitimize their military campaigns and at the same time being in control of the capital Kyoto. Nobunaga conquered all the castles of Rokkaku. Yoshiaki became shogun and offered Kanrei’s place to Nobunaga, but he refused.
As soon as Yoshiaki realized he was manipulated by Nobunaga, he began to plot against him seeking allies willing to fight. Thanks to the alliance with the Asakura clan, Yoshiaki entered a conflict with the Oda clan and even managed to afflict them heavy losses. In the battle of Anegawa, Nobunaga defeated the armies of the Azai and Asakura clans.
From 1571
In 1571 he attacked the Buddhist monastery of the Tendai Enryaku-ji school. At this point he attacked the Nagashima fortress, killing thousands of people.
Despite being in a good relationship with the Oda clan, the Takeda Shingen Takeda clan joined the alliance against Nobunaga. In 1572 he marched to the capital, but died in 1573 before reaching it so Nobunaga defeated Yoshiaki and exiled him ending the Ashikaga shogunate.
In the same year the Azai and Asakura clans were finally defeated, and his brother-Azai Nagamasa, after giving back his sister Oichi, performed seppuku. The heir of Shingen Takeda Katsuyori, was defeated in 1575 in the Battle of Nagashino. Here the Oda-Tokugawa faction used for the first time the muskets purchased from the Portuguese. The army of Takeda was mowed before reaching the melee clash.
Azuchi Castle
Continuing his expansion, Oda Nobunaga began to dislocate his generals in control of individual provinces. Shibata Katsuie and Maeda Toshiie were sent to the north and Akechi Mitsuhide to the Tamba province. Hashiba Hideyoshi was instead sent to the West in 1577 against the Mori clan. The latter was sustaining with supplies by sea the Ikko fortress of Ishiyama Honganji. Here Nobunaga’s army ran the siege for some time from the ground.
In 1578, the new Nobunaga’s castle was completed, known as the castle of Azuchi. Impressive for its extravagant decorations, the period between the fall of the Ashikaga shogunate and the death of Nobunaga was named from this castle. This is now known as Azuchi period.
Oda Nobunaga & Uesugi Kenshin
In 1577, however, Uesugi Kenshin, the second best general of his time after Takeda Shingen, decided to take part in a second anti-Nobunaga alliance. The first encounter took place at the Battle of Tedorigawa, resulting in a decisive victory for Kenshin. Uesugi then began to prepare his march on Kyoto. According to one tradition, Nobunaga allegedly confessed to one of his officers that if Kenshin had come to Kyoto with his army, he would have no choice but to surrender and hope to be spared. Uesugi Kenshin, however, died, possibly of a heart attack, or perhaps stomach cancer, while he was in his wash house. According to sources of the time, his health seemed compromised since some time.
Without no good rivals, Nobunaga forced the last Ikko rebels to surrender in the fortress of Ishiyama Honganji in 1580. This completely destroyed the Takeda clan in 1582, during the Battle of Temmokuzan.
Nobunaga was now the undisputed authority in the country, and was preparing to move his armies against the provinces of Echigo, and Shikoku.
Japan in 1582. The purple areas indicate the territories controlled by Oda Nobunaga in 1560, and the gray areas indicate the territories controlled by Oda Nobunaga until his death, in 1582.
From 1582
In 1582, Hashiba Hideyoshi, one of the generals closest to Nobunaga, invaded the province of Bitchu, besieging the castle Takamatsu. The latter was vital to the Mori clan, because it occupied a strategic position from which it was easy to penetrate into their domain. Mori Terumoto arrived with his army in support of Takamatsu Castle. The two sides found themselves in a stalemate. At this point, Hideyoshi asked reinforcements to Nobunaga.
It was noted that Hideyoshi didn’t really need reinforcements. However, he still asked the help of his Lord. According to some, he did it not to directly take credit for the victory, because many generals do not take kindly to the success of a general of humble origin and not part of a samurai clan. According to others, Hideyoshi intended to put Nobunaga in a critical position so to be able to take a personal advantage.
In any case, Nobunaga left the preparations for the invasion of Shikoku to Niwa Nagahide and went with Akechi Mitsuhide to reach Hideyoshi. Along the way, Nobunaga and his men paused in Honnō-ji temple in Kyoto. Here Nobunaga, being at the center of his rule and considering himself safe, was guarded only from a few trusted servants and guards. Unexpectedly, Mitsuhide Akechi ordered his men around the temple in an attempted coup. In the skirmish that followed, Nobunaga lost and retreated inside the temple and Mitsuhide, applying the technique that Nobunaga had so often used, set fire to the temple.
Oda Nobunaga and the legend of his death
It is not known what happened to Nobunaga in his last hours of life. Probably he and his attendant Mori Ranmaru accomplished seppuku while the temple was burning. His remains were never found in the rubble of the temple, giving rise to a wide range of popular legends.
Immediately after the coup, Mitsuhide’s men attacked the Nijo Castle, where they forced Nobunaga’s heir, Nobutada, to perform seppuku in return.
For eleven days Mitsuhide met various members of the Oda clan and the imperial court to be appointed successor of Nobunaga invain. Upon receiving the news, Hideyoshi signed a truce with the Mori clan. Then he reached out and killed Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki after only 11 days from Nobunaga’s death
Oda Nobunaga, the head of the clan
Nobunaga never accepted any of the titles that were offered. He remained only the head of the clan Oda and the daimyo of Owari. Nevertheless, his authority allowed him to introduce major changes in the country.
One of the most important news of the Azuchi-Momoyama period was the creation of samurai families. In the Muromachi period in fact the many wars had led the clans to accept in their armies anyone skilled in combat. During the Sengoku era basically every male Japanese adult belonged to at least one military organisation.
From 1576 Nobunaga began to confiscate weapons to peasants in the territories he controlled. In this way he reduced the risk of riots and the number of fighters from him not directly controllable. His successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi, despite being originally from a family of farmers, completed the work. He recognized by law the samurai caste. Access to this caste could thus take place only by inheritance by banning all non-samurai to carry firearms. Samurai families who had opposed Nobunaga first, and then Hideyoshi and Ieyasu, were declared illegitimate. Their components became rōnin or civilians.
Oda Nobunaga’s military plan
On the military level, Nobunaga led his army to the technological level of the European ones. He took the first large-scale spears, firearms, armored ships, and fortifications worth of the period of mass wars. Some sources also attribute to him the creation of the multi-line formation of the troops equipped with muskets. In this way he was able to ensure continuous focus and therefore a greater impact on the enemy. This tactic, used for the first time in 1575 during the Battle of Nagashino, would in fact appeared in Europe only in 1590. Nobunaga made the first extensive use of European weapons for its military campaign. He brought a radical change to the antiquated military tactics employed by Japanese armies.
His wars, however, are remembered primarily for their violence and ruthlessness. To this we can add the practice of burning enemies alive, that Nobunaga used as a warning to his opponents.
Oda Nobunaga focused on the specialization and professionalization of his army. He gave assignments and promotions based strictly on merit, almost completely ignoring the rules of nobility and family relationships. The rise of Hideyoshi is a prime example of this.
The defeated daimyō expropriated lands then redistributed them among his vassals not based on size, but on the production of rice. With some modifications, Oda Nobunaga’s organizational system was extended to the entire country with the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Oda Nobunaga’s economic plan
Economically, Oda Nobunaga showed great competence, building castles as focal pin for the economy. In this way he favored the migration from an agricultural economy to a manufacturing type. He built roads between the castles, to facilitate commercial traffic and the movement of armies. He conformed the units. He enhanced the international traffic, with China and Korea also with Nanban (“southern barbarians”, a term that covers the Philippines, Siam, and Indonesia, but also Europe). Moreover, he established the Rakuichi Rakuza, to encourage the opening of unions, associations and guilds, prohibiting monopolies that Nobunaga considered an impediment to trade and he also developed laws requiring cases of tax exemption and regulated the contraction of debts.
Oda Nobunaga and the art
Thanks to the wealth accumulated over time, Oda Nobunaga financed various forms of art, and built beautiful gardens and castles. His castle of Azuchi on the shores of Lake Biwa is described by contemporaries as one of the best in history. Covered with gold and statues on the outside and decorated inside with screens, sliding doors, paintings on the walls and ceilings, especially by Kano Eitoku. In this period, Oda Nobunaga’s master of ceremonies, Sen no Rikyu codified the rules of cha no yu, the tea ceremony. Nobunaga made this ceremony very popular and used it to discuss politics and business. Under his rule the first examples of kabuki also appeared, developing more organically in the more peaceful Edo period.
Oda Nobunaga and European Culture
Nobunaga was very interested in European culture, so much so that he collected works of art, arms and armor from the west of the world. It is considered one of the first Japanese to be wearing European clothes. Although not religious, he supported the Jesuit missionaries in Japan as a political move against Buddhist monks. Under his rule, on August 15 1576, it was built the first Christian church in Japan.
According to the sources Oda Nobunaga and the entire Oda clan were descendants of both Fujiwara and Taira clans. His ancestry can be directly traced back to his great-great-grandfather Oda Hisanaga, followed by Oda Toshisada, Nobusada Oda, Oda Nobuhide, and Nobunaga himself.
Oda Nobunaga today
Nobunaga appears frequently in the narrative and continues to be described in many anime, manga, video games and movies. It is generally described as evil nature or even demonic, although some of the works depict him in a more positive light. This type of work includes the films of Akira Kurosawa Kagemusha – The Shadow Warrior. Here the character of Nobunaga is energetic, athletic and respectful of his enemies. In Goemon he is described as a master of Ishikawa Goemon. Nobunaga is also a protagonist of the historical story Taiko Ki Eiji Yoshikawa, here is a firm but benevolent lord. It is described in a heroic manner even in some video games as Kessen III, Ninja Gaiden 2 and the Warriors Orochi series. In one of the Hunter × Hunter Ghost Brigade members is a samurai named Nobunaga Hazama.
Oda Nobunaga nelle serie TV e videogiochi
In contrast in the series of novels and anime Yōtōden, he is described literally as a demon and a lord of warhungry for conquest. In the novel The Samurai’s Tale by Erik Christian Haugaard, he is an antagonist “known for his merciless cruelty.” It is described as evil or megalomaniac in some manga and anime series including Samurai Deeper Kyo and Flame of Recca.
Nobunaga is described as evil, bloodthirsty, and / or demonic in many video games such as Ninja Master’s, Sengoku, Inindo: Way of the Ninja and Atlantica Online, and the game series of Onimusha, Samurai Warriors, Sengoku Basara (and its adaptation as anime) and Soulcalibur. It is also mentioned in Detective Conan in an Osaka case (283-285 episode of the anime).
There are also numerous examples of his descriptions in a more neutral or historical context. These are found especially in the taiga drama (fictional series) on Japanese television. Oda Nobunaga also appears in the manga series Tail of the Moon, Kacchu no Senshi Gamu and in the historical novel by Tsuji Kunio The Lord Shogun of the Warring States. Historical representations in video games (mostly in Western strategic games) include Shogun: Total War, Total War: Shogun 2, Throne of Darkness, “dominations”, Ninja Commando and the series Nobunaga’s Ambition, like Civilization V and Age of Empires II: The Conquerors and Sengoku Basara.
Oda Nobunaga was also played by the Japanese singer and actor GACKT in live action Sengoku Basara -Moonlight Party- taken from the video game Sengoku Basara, which aired in 2012.
GACKT himself created the ending theme of the live action Sengoku Basara -Moonlight Party- with the song Hakuro, in which there are video images of him as Oda Nobunaga, here’s a preview of the MV:
[:]