[:it]Sakamoto Ryōma (Gennaio 3, 1836 – Dicembre 10, 1867) è ancora riconosciuto come una delle figure più importanti dello Shogunato di Tokugawa ed uno dei più grandi eroi del periodo Edo.

photo credits: budojapan.com

Prima gioventù

Nacque nell’isola di Shikoku, nella Tosa Han (oggi prefettura di Kōchi) il quindicesimo giorno dell’undicesimo mese del sesto anno di Tenpō secondo il calendario giapponese. La sua famiglia era famosa per essere una grande produttrice di sake, ottenendo così il rango più basso della categoria dei Samurai, il Gōshi (Samurai della campagna). Tosa aveva una separazione molto netta tra Joshi (samurai di alto rango) e Kashi (samurai di basso rango). Anche nella generazione di Sakamoto Ryōma, il grado samurai della sua famiglia rimaneva Kashi. All’età di dodici anni, Ryōma fu iscritto in una scuola privata, ma non durò molto, perché la sua inclinazione allo studio non era molto forte.

Grazie alla sua sorella maggiore, si è poi iscritto alle classi di scherma di Oguri-ryū quando aveva 14 anni, dopo essere stato vittima di bullismo a scuola. Nell’età adulta era a tutti gli effetti un maestro spadaccino. Nel 1853 gli fu concesso dal suo clan di recarsi a Edo per migliorare le sue abilità come spadaccino. Lì si iscrisse come studente al Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō Chiba-Dōjō, in cui ricevette il diploma dalla scuola che dichiarava la sua maestria. Divenne poi shihan al Chiba-Dōjō e insegnò il Kenjutsu agli studenti insieme a Chiba Jūtarō Kazutane, suo caro amico. Nel 1858 tornò a Kochi. Tuttavia, quattro anni più tardi il Commodoro Perry degli Stati Uniti arrivò con una flotta di navi per costringere il Giappone a uscire dalla sua secolare politica di isolamento nazionale. Nello stesso anno cominciarono a formarsi movimenti contro gli stranieri, movimenti anti Tokugawa e a supporto dell’Imperatore.

photo credits: jref.com

Sakamoto Ryōma e Takechi Hanpeita

Il suo amico, Takechi Hanpeita (o Takechi Zuizan), organizzò il Partito Lealista di Tosa “Kinnoto”. Il loro slogan politico era “Riverisci l’imperatore, espelli i barbari”. Il gruppo consisteva in circa 2000 samurai, per lo più di rango inferiore, che insistevano sulla riforma del governo di Tosa. Siccome il gruppo non fu riconosciuto, cominciarono un complotto per assassinare Yoshida Toyo, capo del dominio Tosa. Ryōma ha partecipato al complotto senza però sostenerlo realmente.
Takechi chiese una rivoluzione solo per il clan di Tosa, e Ryōma pensò che avrebbero invece dovuto fare qualcosa per tutto il Giappone. Decise di lasciare Tosa e di separarsi da Takechi. A quei tempi, a nessuno era permesso di lasciare il proprio clan senza permesso, pena la morte. Una delle sorelle di Ryōma si suicidò proprio a causa del comportamenti del fratello.

Nel 1864, quando lo shogunato Tokugawa iniziò a prendere una linea dura, Ryōma fuggì a Kagoshima nel Dominio di Satsuma, in sviluppo come centro principale per il movimento anti-Tokugawa. Ryōma ha negoziato l’alleanza segreta tra le province di Chōshū e Satsuma. Satsuma e Chōshū erano storicamente nemici inconciliabili, e la posizione di Ryōma fu vista come “outsider neutrale”.

Sakamoto Ryōma e l’occidente

Ryōma era un ammiratore dei principi democratici e studiò molto il Congresso degli Stati Uniti e il Parlamento britannico. Amava a tal punto questi concetti che li prese come modello per il governo del Giappone dopo la Restaurazione.
Ryōma ha scritto le “Otto proposte durante la spedizione” mentre discuteva del futuro modello del governo giapponese con Gotō Shōjirō a bordo di una nave Tosa fuori Nagasaki nel 1867. Ryōma ha sottolineato la necessità di una legislatura bicamerale eletta democraticamente e la stesura di una Costituzione. Inoltre, aveva considerato la formazione di un esercito e di una flotta nazionali assieme alla regolamentazione dei tassi di cambio dell’oro e dell’argento. Si pensa che le proposte di Ryōma costituiscano la base per il successivo sistema parlamentare attuato dopo la sua morte.

Sakamoto Ryōma e il Periodo Bakumatsu

Ryōma spinse per una riforma nazionale e lasciò il dominio, prendendo di mira Katsu Kaishu, un alto funzionario di Tokugawa.

Quando finalmente riuscì a trovarsi davanti il suo obiettivo, quest’ultimo chiese con calma di essere ascoltato prima di essere ucciso. Katsu Kaishu ha poi spiegato i suoi piani per aumentare la forza militare del Giappone attraverso la modernizzazione e l’occidentalizzazione. Invece di ucciderlo come erano i piani, Ryoma divenne il suo assistente. Insieme crearono una forza navale da non sottovalutare.

Ryōma è spesso considerato il “padre della Marina Imperiale Giapponese”, perchè sotto la direzione di Katsu Kaishū lavorò per creare una moderna forza navale. Tutto questo per consentire a Satsuma e Chōshū di reggere il confronto con le forze navali dello shogunato Tokugawa. Ryōma fondò la marina privata e la società commerciale Kameyama Shachū nella città di Nagasaki con l’aiuto di Satsuma.

photo credits: visitkochijapan.com

La successiva vittoria di Chōshū sull’esercito Tokugawa nel 1866 e l’imminente crollo dello shogunato Tokugawa fecero di Ryōma una figura preziosa per i suoi ex padroni a Tosa. Infatti, è proprio in questo periodo che fu richiamato a Kōchi con molti onori. Il dominio di Tosa era ansioso di ottenere un accordo negoziato tra lo Shogun e l’Imperatore. Questo avrebbe impedito alla potente Alleanza di Satchō di rovesciare Tokugawa con la forza e quindi emergere come una nuova forza dominante nel governo del Giappone. Ryōma giocò di nuovo un ruolo cruciale nei negoziati che portarono alle dimissioni volontarie dello Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu nel 1867. Con l’arrivao così della Restaurazione Meiji, grazie a Sakamoto Ryoma lo Shogunato cadde. Fu così che il Giappone riuscì ad uscire dai 260 anni della Regola Tokugawa.

Ryōma usava spesso l’alias Saitani Umetarō (才谷梅太郎) poiché veniva spesso cacciato dai sostenitori di Bakufu, come i membri dello Shinsengumi.

L’assassinio di Sakamoto Ryōma

La notte del 10 dicembre 1867, Sakamoto Ryōma e il suo amico Nakaoka Shintaro soggiornarono all’Omiya Inn di Kyoto. Un gruppo di assassini si era radunato fuori dalla locanda. Quando uno di loro bussò alla porta uccidendo la guardia del corpo di Ryōma, il resto del gruppo raggiunse la sua stanza assassinando sia lui che Nakaoka.

Gli assassini non furono mai identificati. Tuttavia, i membri dello Shinsengumi e il loro capo Kondo Isami furono accusati e giustiziati per l’omicidio. Nonostante i Mimawarigumi, membri del gruppo pro-Tokugawa, abbiano confessato l’omicidio nel 1870, nessuna azione è mai stata presa contro di loro.

Lo scopo finale di Sakamoto Ryōma non era personale, ma per il bene del Giappone. Le sue azioni e le sue convinzioni lo hanno reso un eroe nazionale fino ad oggi.

Ryōma era un visionario che sognava un Giappone indipendente senza trappole feudali. Si ispirò all’esempio degli Stati Uniti dove “tutti gli uomini sono creati uguali”. Si rese conto che per competere con un mondo esterno industrialmente e tecnologicamente avanzato, i giapponesi dovevano modernizzarsi. È stato anche visto come un intrigante mix di tradizione e modernità. Infatti, simbolo di questi tratti era la sua preferenza per il vestito da samurai con le calzature occidentali.

photo credits: tokyo2020.jp

I tempi moderni

Il 15 novembre 2003, l’aeroporto Kōchi è stato ribattezzato Kōchi Ryōma Airport in suo onore.

C’è un Sakamoto Ryōma Memorial Museum (坂本龍馬記念館) a sud di Kōchi, con una grande statua in bronzo di Ryoma che si affaccia sul mare. La città di Kōchi ha un certo numero di attrazioni e luoghi a tema Ryōma, tra cui il Sakamoto Ryōma Birthplace Memorial. Inoltre, il Sakomoto Ryōma Hometown Museum mostra il centro di Kōchi durante l’infanzia di Ryōma, compresi gli aspetti rilevanti che possono aver influenzato le sue opinioni. Il 15 novembre 2009 ad Hakodate, Hokkaido, è stato costruito il museo commemorativo Hokkaido Sakamoto Ryōma.[:en]Sakamoto Ryōma (January 3, 1836 – December 10, 1867) is still recognized as one of the most important figures of the Tokugawa Shogunate and one of the greatest heroes of the Edo period.

photo credits: budojapan.com

Early youth

He was born on the island of Shikoku, in the Tosa Han (toda’s Kōchi Prefecture) on the fifteenth day of the eleventh month of Tenpō according to the Japanese calendar. His family was famous for being a great sake producer, thus obtaining the lowest rank of the Samurai category, the Gōshi (Samurai of the countryside). Tosa had a very clear separation between Joshi (high-ranking samurai) and Kashi (low-ranking samurai). Even in Sakamoto Ryōma’s generation, the samurai degree of his family remained Kashi. At the age of twelve, Ryōma was enrolled in a private school, but it didn’t last long, because his inclination to studies wasn’t very strong.

Thanks to his older sister, he then enrolled in the Oguri-Ryu fencing classes when he was 14, after being bullied at school. In adulthood, he was a master swordsman. In 1853 he was allowed by his clan to go to Edo to improve his skills as a swordsman. There he enrolled as a student at Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō Chiba-Dōjō, where he received his diploma. He then became Shihan at Chiba-Dōjō and taught Kenjutsu to students along with Chiba Jūtarō Kazutane, his close friend. In 1858 he returned to Kōchi. However, four years later the Commodore Perry of the United States arrived with a fleet to force Japan out of its centuries-old policy of national isolation. In the same year, movements against foreigners, anti-Tokugawa movements and in support of the Emperor began to form.

photo credits: jref.com

Sakamoto Ryōma and Takechi Hanpeita

His friend, Takechi Hanpeita (or Takechi Zuizan), organized Tosa’s Loyalist Party “Kinnoto”. Their political slogan was “Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians”. The group consisted of about 2000 samurai, mostly of lower rank, who insisted on the reform of Tosa’s government. As the group was not recognized, they began a plot to assassinate Yoshida Toyo, head of the Tosa domain. Ryōma participated in the plot without really supporting it.
Takechi asked for a revolution only for the Tosa clan, and Ryōma thought they would have to do something for all of Japan instead. He decided to leave Tosa and part with Takechi. In those days, no one was allowed to leave their clan without permission, on pain of death. One of Ryōma’s sisters committed suicide precisely because of her brother’s behavior.

In 1864, when the Tokugawa shogunate began to take a hard line, Ryōma fled to Kagoshima in the Satsuma Domain, under development as the main center for the anti-Tokugawa movement. Ryōma negotiated the secret alliance between the provinces of Chōshū and Satsuma. Satsuma and Chōshū were historically irreconcilable enemies, and Ryōma’s position was seen as “neutral outsider”.

Sakamoto Ryōma and the West

Ryōma was an admirer of democratic principles and studied the United States Congress and the British Parliament a lot. He loved these concepts so much that he took them as a model for the government of Japan after the Restoration.
Ryōma wrote the “Eight Proposals During the Expedition” while discussing the future model of the Japanese government with Gotō Shōjirō aboard a Tosa ship outside Nagasaki in 1867. Ryōma stressed the need for a democratically elected bicameral legislature and the drafting of a Constitution. Furthermore, he had considered the formation of a national army and fleet together with the regulation of gold and silver exchange rates. It is believed that Ryōma’s proposals form the basis for the subsequent parliamentary system implemented after his death.

Sakamoto Ryōma and the Bakumatsu period

Ryōma pushed for national reform and left the domain, targeting Katsu Kaishu, a senior Tokugawa official.

When he finally managed to find his target, the latter calmly asked to be heard before he was killed. Katsu Kaishu then explained his plans to increase Japan’s military strength through modernization and westernization. Instead of killing him as the plans were, Ryoma became his assistant. Together they created a naval force to be reckoned with.

Ryōma is often considered the “father of the Japanese Imperial Navy” because under the direction of Katsu Kaishū he worked to create a modern naval force. All this to allow Satsuma and Chōshū to stand comparison with the naval forces of the Tokugawa shogunate. Ryōma founded the private navy and the Kameyama Shachū trading company in the city of Nagasaki with the help of Satsuma.

photo credits: visitkochijapan.com

Chōshū’s subsequent victory over the Tokugawa army in 1866 and the imminent collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate made Ryōma a precious figure for his former masters in Tosa. In fact, it is precisely in this period that he was recalled to Kōchi with many honors. Tosa’s domain was anxious to get a negotiated agreement between the Shogun and the Emperor. This would have prevented Satchō’s powerful Alliance from forcibly toppling Tokugawa and thus emerging as a new dominant force in the government of Japan. Ryōma again played a crucial role in the negotiations that led to the voluntary resignation of the Tokugawa Yoshinobu Shogun in 1867. With the arrival of the Meiji Restoration, thanks to Sakamoto Ryoma the Shogunate fell. Thus it was that Japan managed to come out of the 260-year Tokugawa Rule.

Ryōma often used the alias Saitani Umetarō (谷梅太郎) as he was often hunted by Bakufu supporters, like Shinsengumi members.

Sakamoto Ryōma’s murder

On the night of December 10, 1867, Sakamoto Ryōma and his friend Nakaoka Shintaro stayed at the Omiya Inn in Kyoto. A group of assassins had gathered outside the inn. When one of them knocked on the door killing Ryōma’s bodyguard, the rest of the group reached his room assassinating both him and Nakaoka.

The killers were never identified. However, members of the Shinsengumi and their leader Kondo Isami were accused and executed for the murder. Although the Mimawarigumi, members of the pro-Tokugawa group, confessed to the murder in 1870, no action was ever taken against them.

Sakamoto Ryōma’s ultimate goal was not personal, but for the sake of Japan. His actions and beliefs have made him a national hero to this day.

Ryōma was a visionary who dreamed of an independent Japan without feudal traps. He was inspired by the example of the United States where “all men are created equal”. He realized that to compete with an industrially and technologically advanced outside world, the Japanese had to modernize. It has also been seen as an intriguing mix of tradition and modernity. In fact, a symbol of these traits was his preference for the samurai dress with western footwear.

photo credits: tokyo2020.jp

Modern times

On 15 November 2003, the Kōchi airport was renamed Kōchi Ryōma Airport in his honor.

There is a Sakamoto Ryōma Memorial Museum (坂本龍馬記念館) south of Kōchi, with a large bronze statue of Ryoma overlooking the sea. The city of Kōchi has a number of Ryōma-themed attractions and places, including the Sakamoto Ryōma Birthplace Memorial. Furthermore, the Sakomoto Ryōma Hometown Museum shows the Kōchi center during Ryōma’s childhood, including the relevant aspects that may have influenced his opinions. On November 15, 2009, the Hokkaido Sakamoto Ryōma memorial museum was built in Hakodate, Hokkaido.[:ja]Sakamoto Ryōma (January 3, 1836 – December 10, 1867) is still recognized as one of the most important figures of the Tokugawa Shogunate and one of the greatest heroes of the Edo period.

photo credits: budojapan.com

Early youth

He was born on the island of Shikoku, in the Tosa Han (toda’s Kōchi Prefecture) on the fifteenth day of the eleventh month of Tenpō according to the Japanese calendar. His family was famous for being a great sake producer, thus obtaining the lowest rank of the Samurai category, the Gōshi (Samurai of the countryside). Tosa had a very clear separation between Joshi (high-ranking samurai) and Kashi (low-ranking samurai). Even in Sakamoto Ryōma’s generation, the samurai degree of his family remained Kashi. At the age of twelve, Ryōma was enrolled in a private school, but it didn’t last long, because his inclination to studies wasn’t very strong.

Thanks to his older sister, he then enrolled in the Oguri-Ryu fencing classes when he was 14, after being bullied at school. In adulthood, he was a master swordsman. In 1853 he was allowed by his clan to go to Edo to improve his skills as a swordsman. There he enrolled as a student at Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō Chiba-Dōjō, where he received his diploma. He then became Shihan at Chiba-Dōjō and taught Kenjutsu to students along with Chiba Jūtarō Kazutane, his close friend. In 1858 he returned to Kōchi. However, four years later the Commodore Perry of the United States arrived with a fleet to force Japan out of its centuries-old policy of national isolation. In the same year, movements against foreigners, anti-Tokugawa movements and in support of the Emperor began to form.

photo credits: jref.com

Sakamoto Ryōma and Takechi Hanpeita

His friend, Takechi Hanpeita (or Takechi Zuizan), organized Tosa’s Loyalist Party “Kinnoto”. Their political slogan was “Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians”. The group consisted of about 2000 samurai, mostly of lower rank, who insisted on the reform of Tosa’s government. As the group was not recognized, they began a plot to assassinate Yoshida Toyo, head of the Tosa domain. Ryōma participated in the plot without really supporting it.
Takechi asked for a revolution only for the Tosa clan, and Ryōma thought they would have to do something for all of Japan instead. He decided to leave Tosa and part with Takechi. In those days, no one was allowed to leave their clan without permission, on pain of death. One of Ryōma’s sisters committed suicide precisely because of her brother’s behavior.

In 1864, when the Tokugawa shogunate began to take a hard line, Ryōma fled to Kagoshima in the Satsuma Domain, under development as the main center for the anti-Tokugawa movement. Ryōma negotiated the secret alliance between the provinces of Chōshū and Satsuma. Satsuma and Chōshū were historically irreconcilable enemies, and Ryōma’s position was seen as “neutral outsider”.

Sakamoto Ryōma and the West

Ryōma was an admirer of democratic principles and studied the United States Congress and the British Parliament a lot. He loved these concepts so much that he took them as a model for the government of Japan after the Restoration.
Ryōma wrote the “Eight Proposals During the Expedition” while discussing the future model of the Japanese government with Gotō Shōjirō aboard a Tosa ship outside Nagasaki in 1867. Ryōma stressed the need for a democratically elected bicameral legislature and the drafting of a Constitution. Furthermore, he had considered the formation of a national army and fleet together with the regulation of gold and silver exchange rates. It is believed that Ryōma’s proposals form the basis for the subsequent parliamentary system implemented after his death.

Sakamoto Ryōma and the Bakumatsu period

Ryōma pushed for national reform and left the domain, targeting Katsu Kaishu, a senior Tokugawa official.

When he finally managed to find his target, the latter calmly asked to be heard before he was killed. Katsu Kaishu then explained his plans to increase Japan’s military strength through modernization and westernization. Instead of killing him as the plans were, Ryoma became his assistant. Together they created a naval force to be reckoned with.

Ryōma is often considered the “father of the Japanese Imperial Navy” because under the direction of Katsu Kaishū he worked to create a modern naval force. All this to allow Satsuma and Chōshū to stand comparison with the naval forces of the Tokugawa shogunate. Ryōma founded the private navy and the Kameyama Shachū trading company in the city of Nagasaki with the help of Satsuma.

photo credits: visitkochijapan.com

Chōshū’s subsequent victory over the Tokugawa army in 1866 and the imminent collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate made Ryōma a precious figure for his former masters in Tosa. In fact, it is precisely in this period that he was recalled to Kōchi with many honors. Tosa’s domain was anxious to get a negotiated agreement between the Shogun and the Emperor. This would have prevented Satchō’s powerful Alliance from forcibly toppling Tokugawa and thus emerging as a new dominant force in the government of Japan. Ryōma again played a crucial role in the negotiations that led to the voluntary resignation of the Tokugawa Yoshinobu Shogun in 1867. With the arrival of the Meiji Restoration, thanks to Sakamoto Ryoma the Shogunate fell. Thus it was that Japan managed to come out of the 260-year Tokugawa Rule.

Ryōma often used the alias Saitani Umetarō (谷梅太郎) as he was often hunted by Bakufu supporters, like Shinsengumi members.

Sakamoto Ryōma’s murder

On the night of December 10, 1867, Sakamoto Ryōma and his friend Nakaoka Shintaro stayed at the Omiya Inn in Kyoto. A group of assassins had gathered outside the inn. When one of them knocked on the door killing Ryōma’s bodyguard, the rest of the group reached his room assassinating both him and Nakaoka.

The killers were never identified. However, members of the Shinsengumi and their leader Kondo Isami were accused and executed for the murder. Although the Mimawarigumi, members of the pro-Tokugawa group, confessed to the murder in 1870, no action was ever taken against them.

Sakamoto Ryōma’s ultimate goal was not personal, but for the sake of Japan. His actions and beliefs have made him a national hero to this day.

Ryōma was a visionary who dreamed of an independent Japan without feudal traps. He was inspired by the example of the United States where “all men are created equal”. He realized that to compete with an industrially and technologically advanced outside world, the Japanese had to modernize. It has also been seen as an intriguing mix of tradition and modernity. In fact, a symbol of these traits was his preference for the samurai dress with western footwear.

photo credits: tokyo2020.jp

Modern times

On 15 November 2003, the Kōchi airport was renamed Kōchi Ryōma Airport in his honor.

There is a Sakamoto Ryōma Memorial Museum (坂本龍馬記念館) south of Kōchi, with a large bronze statue of Ryoma overlooking the sea. The city of Kōchi has a number of Ryōma-themed attractions and places, including the Sakamoto Ryōma Birthplace Memorial. Furthermore, the Sakomoto Ryōma Hometown Museum shows the Kōchi center during Ryōma’s childhood, including the relevant aspects that may have influenced his opinions. On November 15, 2009, the Hokkaido Sakamoto Ryōma memorial museum was built in Hakodate, Hokkaido.[:]