[:it]

photo credits: wikimedia.org

Tsunenaga Rokuemon Hasekura (1571 – 7 agosto 1622) è stato un samurai giapponese e servitore di Date Masamune, il daimyō di Sendai, famoso per aver condotto numerose delegazioni di ambasciatori che lo hanno portato a girare tutto il mondo.

Condusse una delegazione di ambasciatori in Messico e in seguito in Europa tra il 1613 e il 1620, dopodiché ritornò in Giappone. Fu il primo ufficiale giapponese mandato in America ed il primo a creare relazioni tra Francia e Giappone.

Gli Spagnoli iniziarono i viaggi tra il Messico (“Nuova Spagna”) e la Cina, attraverso la loro base territoriale nelle Filippine, a seguito dei viaggi di Andrés de Urdaneta nel XVI secolo. Manila diventò la loro base definitiva per la regione Asiatica nel 1571.
I contatti con il Giappone, cominciarono a causa dei continui naufragi delle navi sulle coste Giapponesi, a quel punto gli Spagnoli hanno cominciato a sperare di espandere la fede Cristiana in Giappone. I tentativi di espandere la loro influenza in Giappone incontrarono una forte resistenza da parte dei Gesuiti, che avevano iniziato l’evangelizzazione del paese nel 1549, nonché dei portoghesi e degli olandesi che non si auguravano di vedere la Spagna commerciare con i Giapponesi.

Nel 1609 il galeone Spagnolo San Francisco a causa del cattivo tempo sulla sua via da Manila a Acapulco, naufragò sulla costa Giapponese a Chiba. I marinai furono salvati, e il capitano della nave, Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia, incontrò Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Un trattato in base a cui gli Spagnoli avrebbero potuto costruire un’industria nell’est del Giappone, fe per cui alle navi spagnole sarebbe stato permesso di visitare il Giappone in caso di necessità fu firmato il 29 novembre 1609.

Il progetto dell’ambasciata

Luis Sotelo, un frate francescano che stava facendo proselitismo nella zona di Tokyo, convinse lo Shōgun ad inviarlo come ambasciatore in Nueva España (Messico). Nel 1610 navigò verso il Messico con i marinai spagnoli e 22 giapponesi, a bordo della San Buena Ventura, una nave costruita dall’inglese William Adams per lo Shogun. Una volta in Nuova Spagna, Luis Sotelo incontrò il viceré Luis de Velasco, che accettò di inviare un ambasciatore in Giappone, nella persona del famoso esploratore Sebastián Vizcaíno, con la missione di esplorare le “Isole di oro e argento” che si pensava si trovassero a est delle isole giapponesi.
Vizcaíno arrivò in Giappone nel 1611 ed ebbe molti incontri con lo Shogun e i signori feudali, ma non era molto rispettoso delle usanze giapponesi, e trovò i giapponesi contro il proselitismo cattolico. Vizcaino alla fine partì alla ricerca dell'”Isola d’argento”, nel corso della quale incontrò brutto tempo, che lo costrinse a tornare in Giappone con gravi danni. Lo Shogun decise di costruire un galeone in Giappone, allo scopo di riportare Vizcaino in Nuova Spagna.

Statua di Hasekura Tsunenaga a Coria del Río
photo credits: tradurreilgiappone.com

A Date Masamune venne dato il comando e nominò uno dei suoi inservienti, Hasekura Tsunenaga, a capo della missione. Per costruire il galeone, chiamato Date Maru dai giapponesi e successivamente San Juan Bautista dagli spagnoli, ci vollero 45 giorni, con la partecipazione di esperti tecnici dal Bakufu, 800 operai navali, 700 fabbri, e 3.000 carpentieri.

Dopo il suo completamento, la nave salpò il 28 ottobre 1613 da Ishinomaki per Acapulco in Messico, con circa 180 persone di equipaggio, tra cui 10 samurai dello Shogun, 12 samurai di Sendai, 120 tra mercanti, marinai e servi giapponesi.

La nave arrivò ad Acapulco il 25 gennaio 1614 dopo tre mesi di navigazione, e una cerimonia accolse l’ambasciata. Prima del viaggio in Europa, l’ambasciata trascorse del tempo in Messico, visitando Veracruz per poi imbarcarsi sulla flotta di Don Antonio Oquendo. Gli emissari partirono per l’Europa sulla San Jose il 10 giugno, e Hasekura dovette lasciare la gran parte del gruppo di mercanti e marinai asiatici ad Acapulco.

La flotta giunse a Sanlúcar de Barrameda il 5 ottobre 1614.

L’ambasciata giapponese incontrò il re di Spagna Filippo III a Madrid il 30 gennaio 1615. Hasekura consegnò al sovrano una lettera da Date Masamune, e l’offerta per un trattato. Il re rispose che avrebbe fatto quello che sarebbe stato in suo potere per venire incontro alle richieste.

Hasekura fu battezzato il 17 febbraio dal cappellano personale del re, e rinominato Felipe Francisco Hasekura.

Statua di Hasekura Tsunenaga a Civitavecchia
photo credits: tradurreilgiappone.com

Francia

Dopo il viaggio attraverso la Spagna, l’ambasciata salpò nel Mar Mediterraneo a bordo di tre fregate spagnole verso l’Italia. A causa del cattivo tempo, le navi restarono nella baia francese di Saint Tropez, dove furono ricevute dalla nobiltà locale, con stupore della popolazione.

La visita dell’ambasciata giapponese è registrata nelle cronache della zona come una delegazione guidata da “Filippo Francesco Faxicura, Ambasciatore presso il Papa, da Date Masamune, Re di Woxu in Giappone”.

Vennero ricordati molti dettagli pittoreschi del loro comportamento e del loro aspetto:

“Non toccano mai il cibo con le mani, ma usano due sottili bacchette che tengono con tre dita”.
“Si soffiano il naso in soffici fogli setosi della grandezza di una mano, che non usano mai due volte, e che quindi buttano per terra dopo l’uso, e furono deliziati nel vedere che le persone attorno a loro si precipitavano a raccoglierli”.
“Le loro spade tagliano così bene che possono tagliare un sottile foglio di carta appoggiandovelo sul bordo e soffiandoci sopra.”
(“Relazioni di Mme de St Tropez”, ottobre 1615, Bibliothèque Inguimbertine, Carpentras).
La visita di Hasekura Tsunenaga a Saint Tropez nel 1615 è il primo esempio documentato di relazioni tra Francia e Giappone.

Italia

L’ambasciata giapponese arrivò in Italia, riuscendo ad ottenere udienza da papa Paolo V a Roma, nel novembre 1615, sbarcando nel porto di Civitavecchia, ragione per cui ancora oggi Civitavecchia è gemellata con la città giapponese di Ishinomaki. Hasekura consegnò al papa una lettera decorata d’oro, con una formale richiesta di un trattato commerciale tra Giappone e Messico, oltre che l’invio di missionari cristiani in Giappone. Il papa accettò senza indugio di disporre l’invio di missionari, ma lasciò la decisione di un trattato commerciale al re di Spagna. Il papa scrisse poi una lettera per Date Masamune, della quale una copia è a tutt’oggi conservata in Vaticano. Il Senato di Roma conferì a Hasekura il titolo onorifico di Cittadino Romano, in un documento ch’egli successivamente portò in Giappone e che oggi è ancora visibile e conservato a Sendai. Nel 1616, l’editore francese Abraham Savgrain pubblicò un resoconto della visita di Hasekura a Roma: “Récit de l’entrée solemnelle et remarquable faite à Rome, par Dom Philippe Francois Faxicura” (“Racconto della solenne e notevole entrata fatta a Roma da Don Filippo Francesco Faxicura”).

Conferimento della cittadinanza romana onoraria a “Hasekura Rokuemon”
photo credits: wikimedia.org

Seconda visita in Spagna

Per la seconda volta in Spagna, Hasekura incontrò il re, che declinò l’offerta di un trattato commerciale, perchè pensava che l’ambasceria giapponese non sembrava una delegazione ufficiale del sovrano del Giappone, Tokugawa Ieyasu, il quale, al contrario, aveva promulgato un editto nel gennaio 1614 ordinando l’espulsione di tutti i missionari dal Giappone, e aveva cominciato la persecuzione della fede cristiana nel Paese. L’ambasceria lasciò Siviglia per il Messico nel giugno 1616 dopo un periodo di due anni in Europa. Alcuni dei giapponesi restarono in Spagna, più precisamente in un villaggio vicino a Siviglia (Coria del Río), e i loro discendenti hanno ancora il cognome Japón.

Ritorno in Giappone

Nell’aprile 1618 la San Juan Bautista giunse nelle Filippine dal Messico, con Hasekura e Luis Sotelo a bordo. La nave fu acquistata dal governo spagnolo, con l’obiettivo di costruire difese contro gli olandesi. Hasekura ritornò in Giappone nell’agosto 1620 e trovò il Giappone molto cambiato: la persecuzione dei cristiani nello sforzo di sradicare il Cristianesimo era attiva dal 1614, e il Giappone stava muovendosi verso il periodo “Sakoku”, caratterizzato da un imperante isolazionismo. A causa di queste persecuzioni, gli accordi commerciali col Messico che aveva cercato di stabilire furono negati, e gran parte degli sforzi in questo senso erano stati vani.

Sembra che l’ambasciata da lui rappresentata, abbia avuto pochi risultati, ma che abbia invece accelerato la decisione dello Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada di cancellare le relazioni commerciali con la Spagna nel 1623, e quelle diplomatiche nel 1624.

Cosa fu di Hasekura dopo l’avventura diplomatica è ignoto, e le storie sui suoi ultimi anni sono numerose. Alcuni sostengono che abbia abbandonato il Cristianesimo, altri che difese la sua fede così profondamente da diventare un martire, e altri che sia rimasto cristiano nell’intimità, professando la sua fede in segreto. Hasekura morì nel 1622, e la sua tomba è ancora oggi visibile nel tempio buddista di Enfukuji nella prefettura di Miyagi.

Una curiosità, nel 2015, ricorreva il 400° anniversario dall’arrivo della Keichō Kenō Shisetsudan” (ambasceria verso l’Europa dell’era Keichō), prima ambasceria ufficiale dal Giappone. Un corteo in costume storico ha sfilato nella via principale di Civitavecchia per una rievocazione storica dell’ingresso in città dell’ambasceria guidata Hasekura Tsunenaga. La sera, presso la Chiesa dei SS. Martiri Giapponesi, alla presenza del Sindaco di Civitavecchia Antonio Cozzolino, del Vice Direttore dell’Ufficio Politiche per la Ricostruzione della città di Ishinomaki, Junichi Kondō, dell’Ambasciatore del Giappone Kazuyoshi Umemoto e Consorte e di cittadini di entrambe le città, si è tenuto un concerto a cura di musicisti coristici del luogo.

Ambasciata del Giappone in Italia
photo credits: it.emb-japan.go.jp

[:en]

photo credits: wikimedia.org

Tsunenaga Rokuemon Hasekura (1571 – 7 August 1622) was a Japanese samurai and servant of Date Masamune, the daimyo of Sendai, famous for having led numerous delegations of ambassadors that led him to travel the whole world.

He led a delegation of ambassadors in Mexico and later in Europe between 1613 and 1620, after which he returned to Japan. He was the first Japanese officer sent to America and the first to establish relations between France and Japan.

The Spaniards began their travels between Mexico (“New Spain”) and China, through their territorial base in the Philippines, following the journeys of Andrés de Urdaneta in the sixteenth century. Manila became their definitive base for the Asian region in 1571.
Contacts with Japan began due to the continuous shipwrecks on the Japanese coast, at which point the Spaniards began to hope to expand the Christian faith in Japan. The attempts to expand their influence in Japan met strong resistance from the Jesuits, who had begun the evangelization of the country in 1549, as well as the Portuguese and the Dutch who did not wish to see Spain trade with the Japanese.

In 1609 the Spanish galleon San Francisco shipwrecked on the Japanese coast at Chiba due to bad weather on its way from Manila to Acapulco. The sailors were rescued, and the captain of the ship, Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia, met Tokugawa Ieyasu.

A treaty under which the Spaniards could build an industry in the east of Japan was signed on November 29 1609, so that Spanish ships would be allowed to visit Japan if necessary.

The embassy project

Luis Sotelo, a Franciscan friar who was proselytizing in the Tokyo area, persuaded the Shōgun to send him as ambassador to Nueva España (Mexico). In 1610 he sailed to Mexico with the Spanish and 22 Japanese sailors aboard the San Buena Ventura, a ship built by the Englishman William Adams for the Shogun. Once in New Spain, Luis Sotelo met the Viceroy Luis de Velasco, who agreed to send an ambassador to Japan, in the person of the famous explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno, with the mission to explore the “Gold and Silver Islands” that were thought to be east of the Japanese islands.
Vizcaíno arrived in Japan in 1611 and had many meetings with the Shogun and the feudal lords, but he was not very respectful of Japanese customs, and he found the Japanese to be against Catholic proselytism. Vizcaíno eventually set off in search of the “Silver Island”, during which he encountered bad weather, which forced him to return to Japan with serious damage. The Shogun decided to build a galleon in Japan, in order to bring Vizcaíno back to New Spain.

Statue of Hasekura Tsunenaga in Coria del Río
photo credits: tradurreilgiappone.com

Date Masamune was head of the mission and Hasekura Tsunenaga was appointed one of his attendants. Date Maru was called by the Japanese to build the galleon and later he was joined by San Juan Bautista, called by the Spaniards. With the participation of technical experts from the Bakufu, 800 naval workers, 700 blacksmiths, and 3,000 carpenters it took 45 days to build the whole ship.

After its completion, the ship sailed on 28 October 1613 from Ishinomaki to Acapulco in Mexico, with about 180 crew members, including 10 Shogun samurai, 12 samurai from Sendai, 120 between merchants, sailors and Japanese servants.

The ship arrived in Acapulco on 25 January 1614 after three months of navigation, and a ceremony welcomed the delegation. Before the trip to Europe, the delegation spent time in Mexico, visiting Veracruz and then embarking on the fleet of Don Antonio Oquendo. The emissaries left for Europe on the San Jose on 10 June, and Hasekura had to leave most of the group of Asian merchants and sailors in Acapulco.

The fleet arrived in Sanlúcar de Barrameda on October 5, 1614.

The Japanese embassy met the Spanish king Philip III in Madrid on January 30, 1615. Hasekura handed over a letter from Date Masamune to the sovereign and the offer for a treaty. The king replied that he would do what was in his power to meet the demands.

On February 17, Hasekura was baptized by the king’s personal chaplain and renamed Felipe Francisco Hasekura.

Statue of Hasekura Tsunenaga in Civitavecchia
photo credits: tradurreilgiappone.com

France

After travelling through Spain, the delegation sailed into the Mediterranean Sea aboard three Spanish frigates to Italy. Because of the bad weather, the ships was forced to stay in the French bay of Saint Tropez, where they were received by the local nobility, with amazement from the population.

The visit of the Japanese people is recorded in the chronicles of the area as a delegation led by “Filippo Francesco Faxicura, Ambassador to the Pope, from Date Masamune, King of Woxu in Japan”.

Many picturesque details of their behaviour and appearance were remembered:

“They never touch the food with their hands, but they use two thin sticks holding three fingers”.
“They blow their noses in soft silky sheets of the size of a hand, which they never use twice, and then throw them on the ground after use, and were delighted to see that the people around them rushed to pick them up.”
“Their swords cut so well that they can cut a thin sheet of paper by resting it on the edge and blowing on it.”
(“Reports of Mme de St Tropez”, October 1615, Bibliothèque Inguimbertine, Carpentras).

The visit of Hasekura Tsunenaga to Saint Tropez in 1615 is the first documented example of relations between France and Japan.

Italy

The Japanese delegation arrived in Italy, succeeding in obtaining an audience with Pope Paul V in Rome, in November 1615, disembarking in the port of Civitavecchia, reason why even today Civitavecchia is twinned with the Japanese city of Ishinomaki. Hasekura handed the Pope a letter decorated with gold, with a formal request for a commercial treaty between Japan and Mexico, as well as sending Christian missionaries to Japan. The Pope accepted without delay to dispatch the sending of missionaries but left the decision of a commercial treaty to the King of Spain. The Pope then wrote a letter to Date Masamune, of which a copy is still preserved in the Vatican. The Senate of Rome gave Hasekura the honorary title of Roman Citizen, in a document which he later brought to Japan and which is still visible today and preserved in Sendai. In 1616, the French publisher Abraham Savgrain published an account of Hasekura’s visit to Rome: “Récit de l’entrée solemnelle et remarquable faite à Rome, par Dom Philippe Francois Faxicura” (“Tale of the solemn and remarkable entry made in Rome by Don Filippo Francesco Faxicura “).

Conferral of honorary Roman citizenship to “Hasekura Rokuemon”
photo credits: wikimedia.org

Second visit to Spain

For the second time in Spain, Hasekura met the king, who declined the offer of a commercial treaty, because he thought that the Japanese people did not seem an official delegation of the sovereign of Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu. He, on the contrary, had promulgated an edict in January 1614 ordering the expulsion of all the missionaries from Japan and had begun the persecution of the Christian faith in the country. The delegation left Seville for Mexico in June 1616 after a two-year period in Europe. Some of the Japanese remained in Spain, more precisely in a village near Seville (Coria del Río), and their descendants still have the surname Japón.

Return to Japan

In April 1618 the San Juan Bautista arrived in the Philippines from Mexico, with Hasekura and Luis Sotelo on board. The ship was bought by the Spanish government, with the aim of building defences against the Dutch. Hasekura returned to Japan in August 1620 and found the nation very changed: the persecution of Christians in the effort to eradicate Christianity had been active since 1614, and Japan was moving towards the “Sakoku” period, characterized by overwhelming isolationism. Because of these persecutions, the trade agreements with Mexico that he had tried to establish were denied, and much of the effort in this direction had been in vain.

It seems that the embassy he represented has had few results, but has instead accelerated Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada’s decision to cancel trade relations with Spain in 1623 and diplomatic relations in 1624.

What happened to Hasekura after the diplomatic adventure is unknown, and the stories about his last years are numerous. Some argue that he abandoned Christianity, others said he defended his faith so deeply as to become a martyr, and others said he remained a Christian in intimacy, professing his faith in secret. Hasekura died in 1622, and his tomb is still visible today in the Buddhist temple of Enfukuji in the prefecture of Miyagi.

In 2015, was the 400th anniversary of the arrival of Keichō Kenō Shisetsudan, the first official delegation from Japan. A procession was held in historical costume in the main street of Civitavecchia for a historical re-enactment of the entrance to the city of the delegation led by a Hasekura Tsunenaga. In the evening, a concert was organized by local choral musicians at the Church of the Holy Japanese Martyrs. This event was also attended by Civitavecchia Mayor Antonio Cozzolino, Deputy Director of the Bureau of Reconstruction Policies of the city of Ishinomaki, Junichi Kondō, the Ambassador of Japan Kazuyoshi Umemoto and Consorte and citizens of both cities.

The delegation of Japan landing in Italy
photo credits: it.emb-japan.go.jp

[:ja]

photo credits: wikimedia.org

Tsunenaga Rokuemon Hasekura (1571 – 7 August 1622) was a Japanese samurai and servant of Date Masamune, the daimyo of Sendai, famous for having led numerous delegations of ambassadors that led him to travel the whole world.

He led a delegation of ambassadors in Mexico and later in Europe between 1613 and 1620, after which he returned to Japan. He was the first Japanese officer sent to America and the first to establish relations between France and Japan.

The Spaniards began their travels between Mexico (“New Spain”) and China, through their territorial base in the Philippines, following the journeys of Andrés de Urdaneta in the sixteenth century. Manila became their definitive base for the Asian region in 1571.
Contacts with Japan began due to the continuous shipwrecks on the Japanese coast, at which point the Spaniards began to hope to expand the Christian faith in Japan. The attempts to expand their influence in Japan met strong resistance from the Jesuits, who had begun the evangelization of the country in 1549, as well as the Portuguese and the Dutch who did not wish to see Spain trade with the Japanese.

In 1609 the Spanish galleon San Francisco shipwrecked on the Japanese coast at Chiba due to bad weather on its way from Manila to Acapulco. The sailors were rescued, and the captain of the ship, Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia, met Tokugawa Ieyasu.

A treaty under which the Spaniards could build an industry in the east of Japan was signed on November 29 1609, so that Spanish ships would be allowed to visit Japan if necessary.

The embassy project

Luis Sotelo, a Franciscan friar who was proselytizing in the Tokyo area, persuaded the Shōgun to send him as ambassador to Nueva España (Mexico). In 1610 he sailed to Mexico with the Spanish and 22 Japanese sailors aboard the San Buena Ventura, a ship built by the Englishman William Adams for the Shogun. Once in New Spain, Luis Sotelo met the Viceroy Luis de Velasco, who agreed to send an ambassador to Japan, in the person of the famous explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno, with the mission to explore the “Gold and Silver Islands” that were thought to be east of the Japanese islands.
Vizcaíno arrived in Japan in 1611 and had many meetings with the Shogun and the feudal lords, but he was not very respectful of Japanese customs, and he found the Japanese to be against Catholic proselytism. Vizcaíno eventually set off in search of the “Silver Island”, during which he encountered bad weather, which forced him to return to Japan with serious damage. The Shogun decided to build a galleon in Japan, in order to bring Vizcaíno back to New Spain.

Statue of Hasekura Tsunenaga in Coria del Río
photo credits: tradurreilgiappone.com

Date Masamune was head of the mission and Hasekura Tsunenaga was appointed one of his attendants. Date Maru was called by the Japanese to build the galleon and later he was joined by San Juan Bautista, called by the Spaniards. With the participation of technical experts from the Bakufu, 800 naval workers, 700 blacksmiths, and 3,000 carpenters it took 45 days to build the whole ship.

After its completion, the ship sailed on 28 October 1613 from Ishinomaki to Acapulco in Mexico, with about 180 crew members, including 10 Shogun samurai, 12 samurai from Sendai, 120 between merchants, sailors and Japanese servants.

The ship arrived in Acapulco on 25 January 1614 after three months of navigation, and a ceremony welcomed the delegation. Before the trip to Europe, the delegation spent time in Mexico, visiting Veracruz and then embarking on the fleet of Don Antonio Oquendo. The emissaries left for Europe on the San Jose on 10 June, and Hasekura had to leave most of the group of Asian merchants and sailors in Acapulco.

The fleet arrived in Sanlúcar de Barrameda on October 5, 1614.

The Japanese embassy met the Spanish king Philip III in Madrid on January 30, 1615. Hasekura handed over a letter from Date Masamune to the sovereign and the offer for a treaty. The king replied that he would do what was in his power to meet the demands.

On February 17, Hasekura was baptized by the king’s personal chaplain and renamed Felipe Francisco Hasekura.

Statue of Hasekura Tsunenaga in Civitavecchia
photo credits: tradurreilgiappone.com

France

After travelling through Spain, the delegation sailed into the Mediterranean Sea aboard three Spanish frigates to Italy. Because of the bad weather, the ships was forced to stay in the French bay of Saint Tropez, where they were received by the local nobility, with amazement from the population.

The visit of the Japanese people is recorded in the chronicles of the area as a delegation led by “Filippo Francesco Faxicura, Ambassador to the Pope, from Date Masamune, King of Woxu in Japan”.

Many picturesque details of their behaviour and appearance were remembered:

“They never touch the food with their hands, but they use two thin sticks holding three fingers”.
“They blow their noses in soft silky sheets of the size of a hand, which they never use twice, and then throw them on the ground after use, and were delighted to see that the people around them rushed to pick them up.”
“Their swords cut so well that they can cut a thin sheet of paper by resting it on the edge and blowing on it.”
(“Reports of Mme de St Tropez”, October 1615, Bibliothèque Inguimbertine, Carpentras).

The visit of Hasekura Tsunenaga to Saint Tropez in 1615 is the first documented example of relations between France and Japan.

Italy

The Japanese delegation arrived in Italy, succeeding in obtaining an audience with Pope Paul V in Rome, in November 1615, disembarking in the port of Civitavecchia, reason why even today Civitavecchia is twinned with the Japanese city of Ishinomaki. Hasekura handed the Pope a letter decorated with gold, with a formal request for a commercial treaty between Japan and Mexico, as well as sending Christian missionaries to Japan. The Pope accepted without delay to dispatch the sending of missionaries but left the decision of a commercial treaty to the King of Spain. The Pope then wrote a letter to Date Masamune, of which a copy is still preserved in the Vatican. The Senate of Rome gave Hasekura the honorary title of Roman Citizen, in a document which he later brought to Japan and which is still visible today and preserved in Sendai. In 1616, the French publisher Abraham Savgrain published an account of Hasekura’s visit to Rome: “Récit de l’entrée solemnelle et remarquable faite à Rome, par Dom Philippe Francois Faxicura” (“Tale of the solemn and remarkable entry made in Rome by Don Filippo Francesco Faxicura “).

Conferral of honorary Roman citizenship to “Hasekura Rokuemon”
photo credits: wikimedia.org

Second visit to Spain

For the second time in Spain, Hasekura met the king, who declined the offer of a commercial treaty, because he thought that the Japanese people did not seem an official delegation of the sovereign of Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu. He, on the contrary, had promulgated an edict in January 1614 ordering the expulsion of all the missionaries from Japan and had begun the persecution of the Christian faith in the country. The delegation left Seville for Mexico in June 1616 after a two-year period in Europe. Some of the Japanese remained in Spain, more precisely in a village near Seville (Coria del Río), and their descendants still have the surname Japón.

Return to Japan

In April 1618 the San Juan Bautista arrived in the Philippines from Mexico, with Hasekura and Luis Sotelo on board. The ship was bought by the Spanish government, with the aim of building defences against the Dutch. Hasekura returned to Japan in August 1620 and found the nation very changed: the persecution of Christians in the effort to eradicate Christianity had been active since 1614, and Japan was moving towards the “Sakoku” period, characterized by overwhelming isolationism. Because of these persecutions, the trade agreements with Mexico that he had tried to establish were denied, and much of the effort in this direction had been in vain.

It seems that the embassy he represented has had few results, but has instead accelerated Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada’s decision to cancel trade relations with Spain in 1623 and diplomatic relations in 1624.

What happened to Hasekura after the diplomatic adventure is unknown, and the stories about his last years are numerous. Some argue that he abandoned Christianity, others said he defended his faith so deeply as to become a martyr, and others said he remained a Christian in intimacy, professing his faith in secret. Hasekura died in 1622, and his tomb is still visible today in the Buddhist temple of Enfukuji in the prefecture of Miyagi.

In 2015, was the 400th anniversary of the arrival of Keichō Kenō Shisetsudan, the first official delegation from Japan. A procession was held in historical costume in the main street of Civitavecchia for a historical re-enactment of the entrance to the city of the delegation led by a Hasekura Tsunenaga. In the evening, a concert was organized by local choral musicians at the Church of the Holy Japanese Martyrs. This event was also attended by Civitavecchia Mayor Antonio Cozzolino, Deputy Director of the Bureau of Reconstruction Policies of the city of Ishinomaki, Junichi Kondō, the Ambassador of Japan Kazuyoshi Umemoto and Consorte and citizens of both cities.

The delegation of Japan landing in Italy
photo credits: it.emb-japan.go.jp

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